You Tube Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

You Tube - prove ExampleFor instance, it creates a homogenous community among the great unwashed living in diverse states globally whereby they fire sell same platform while enjoying similar videos. People have different intentions when posting their videos in Youube. Some post them for entertainment, advertisement whereas differents they are merely for discussion or debate besides many another(prenominal) other reasons. Portable gadgets characterizing the current technology have in a way helping share much through Youtube. This contributes to its cheapness because one does not need to be in front of a TV or seated in a house so that he or she whoremaster watch and listen to a video played by a stationary machine. Hence, it provides an alternative and huge way of reaching numerous and different people globally. To shun its misuse, there are set regulations that safeguard the content meant to control what users normally upload in terms of videos and comments such that people d o not end up using inappropriate language. Apart from socializing, Youtube has couple of educational channels that fit or benefit all age groups. These channels provide varied learning contents required in each level of education, which is from K-12 to college level besides used as informing tool concerning other none academic sources (Study Mode 2013). Moreover, other channels such as the animal planet provide people with new information that they may need to get.Youtube is changing the way people consume media. For instance, unlike the other forms of media when an advert is made in the Youtube, it remains there forever in which an interested person depose get the information he or she needs. This is contrally to the other forms such as the Televisions and Radios, which only broadcast sealed information in a given time, besides which even other media forms post their advertisements in the YouTube. Uploading videos in this platform is free, hence changing the ideas of paying for t he advertisements by some media consumers such as musicians, companies, schools

The cinema of Hong Kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The cinema of Hong Kong - Essay ExampleThey are able to share the costs and expenses, as well as able to gain large mart coverage in Mainland ChinaThe contents of a film have mixture of elements from the Hollywood and elements from traditional Chinese drama and art, particularly a penchant for stylization and a disregard for Western standards of realism (Wikipedia, 2008). Successfully surviving and competing in the industry since about fifty years, Shaw Brothers is one of the most famous take companies in Hong Kong having more than 80 films to their credit.Shaw Brothers (HK) Ltd. is the biggest flick production company of Hong Kong movies. The company focuses on investment retentiveness and investments in media and entertainment industries. Activities mainly consist of distributing films and the provision of filming facilities and services.Sir Run Run Shaw, Chairman of Shaw Brothers (Hong Kong) Ltd., has give tongue to In the film industry, one walks a tightrope, with all its th rills, satisfactions and dangers. That is perhaps why the business of making movies has wedded me the pleasure, the excitement and the fulfilment which I have always craved (Sir Run Run Shaw, Movie/TV Marketing, Eighth issue, 1977). Sir Run Run Shaw started Shaw Studios with his vision to produce quality Chinese movies in Hong Kong. This information was entrap in the company website of Singapore (www.shaw.sg).Section Two - Informal Learning - 500 words An most-valuable approach to managing the creation and exchange of tacit knowledge is the creation of a shared workspace, or environment, for the trigger and sharing of knowledge (Smith, 2001). I shared the space with Mr. Wong and his secretary Miranda. By sharing the space I was provided with a chance to undertake knowledge creation. harmonize to Nonaka, there are two balances to tacit knowledge. The prototypic is the technical dimension, which encompasses the kind of informal personal skills often referred to as know-how. The second dimension is cognitive. The cognitive dimension consists of beliefs, ideals, values, and mental models, which are often taken for granted (Nonaka and Konno, 1998, p. 42). But in my placement case I not only focused at the technical dimension of learning but also gave grandeur to the cognitive aspect. Section Three Placement Analysis As the production give earant of Mr. Lawrence Wong, my general duties were to assist in some projects he was working on. My work involved assisting Mr. Wong in different stages of film and movie production, from early preparations to finalizing the film. I participated I each step with him from the negotiation of the contract to the final step of jibe and editing the films. My learning process at Shaw Brothers was undertaken according to the theory Y assumptions being presented by McGregor. According to these assumptionsThe expenditure of physical effort and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest.I found it as entertaining and ple asant to gain knowledge at Shaw Brothers as I could have at any other leisure activity.External accountant and the threat of punishment are not the only means for producing effort toward organisational

Pragmatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pragmatics - Essay ExampleCharacterization of cultivated language includes careful selection of words as well as the reconstruction of the speakers communicative intentions through the use of logic mulish reasoning (Brown 8).The use of honorifics due to the presence of complex strata within societies in order to im soulalize people as well to further elaborate politeness is another feature seen in polite forms of languages. Also, the concept of face, or the everyday image of the speaker as he or she perceives it and how everyone else recognizes it, becomes a motivation to be polite at all times, as seen through the eyes of other cultures (Grebe 6). By projecting a prescribed image of their selves, people are able to communicate effectively in such a steering that they get what they want and at the same time are able to maintain their good public images by their careful selection of words and actions. Strong motivation to do as such is a key point in the use of polite forms of la nguage, which is a reason why it still persists up to the present (Brown 23).Depending on the quality as well as the type of social relationship in the midst of the speaker and the listener, the style of tongue would also be adjusted accordingly (Carter 170). Politeness with regards to speech stems from the diametric hierarchies within a culture, and by not using respectful language towards different classes of people, speakers would become the rate of stigmatization and persecution by the community (Watts 44). The lack of politeness in speech could also mean look or death in ancient cultures as well which suggests the evolution of polite speech patterns in most languages. Most output suggests that politeness in linguistics also originated from the use of indirections in speech, as well as hints, and by not being outright or the avoidance of blatant speech gives the speaker a more amiable or positive image (Carter 169). This also saves a persons face, or the clean public image of a

Write a journal article summary 2 pages summarizing the research Essay

Write a journal article drumhead 2 pages summarizing the look into article using guidelines for journal article summary - Essay Examplepsychological benefits of exercise include an individual acquiring an internal locus of control, an increase in confidence, self-control, perception and intimate satisfaction while it decreases anxiety, hostility, tension and depression. Researchers have studied the relationship between self-concept and exercise with the view of find if exercise improves self-concept in the recent past this field of research is still growing and more research needs to be done to prove the connection. Thus, the research detailed in the article focuses on the psychological effect of exercise on male and female students.The research study used 22 participants of which 14 were male and 8 were female. The participants were university students who voluntarily offered to participate in the study. The study used both instruments for data accruement the Physical Self-Perce ption Profile (PSSP) and Berscheid, Walster and Bohrnstedt Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ). The PSSP assesses self-perception within the physical domain, and it contained four subdomain scales consisting of six items that were to be contrasted with two descriptions, e.g., people with unattractive or attractive bodies. The BIQ instrument is a questionnaire that was used to assess the participants satisfaction with body parts (Asci, 2002).The procedure of the research involved random assigning of the 22 participants to observational and control groups that were equated by gender. The observational group consisted of 11 participants, and the control group had the remaining number of participants. The experimental group participated in 10-week long step dance sessions that lasted 50 minutes in three long time of the week. Their session was broken down to 10 minutes of warm-up, 25 minutes of step dance, 10 minutes of floor exercises and 5 minutes of cool-down, of which the heart rate of distributively participant was checked after each session. The control group did not participate in any physical activity for the

Freedom of speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Freedom of speech - Essay ExampleThe law should not curb them from using the best tools avail fitting, which is what currently exists. This ban is not only discriminatory but unreasonable. It assumes that the persons involved in vandalism are under the age of 21. Further, it suggests that persons in that age group are not able to decipher what constitutes wholesome, responsible and proper behavior from what does not. This ban is an act of suppression of the right to progress beyond limits placed by the authorities. It forces persons under the age of 21 to break laws which hinders on their progress and prevents them from expressing themselves in a wholesome manner. In so doing it casts them in the light of being law breakers. It needlessly casts a take aim of guilt on that age group and reduces them to the level of criminals when they are really not engaged in wrongdoing. If freedom of speech is to remain the right of all this discriminatory and suppressive ban needs to be removed a s it cuts at the core of creativity. The youths should not be made to pay in whatever way for societal problems such as that which caused the ban. Reference Find Law (n.d.). Vincenty v. Bloomberg. Retrieved from http//caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1070582.html

Final assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final - Assignment Example lying-in management is a crucial part of organisational management that ensures the strainment of a series of organizational objectives within stipulated timeframes and budgets. Project management enables organizations to successfully pursue competitive strategies in their bid to achieve the sought after organizational performance. Unlike conventional approaches, current literature acknowledges acoustic bearion management as a critical business process (Jamieson & Morris, 2004). This paper explores the significant principles of project management and how to use project management as a discipline to successfully achieve organizational objectives. Project Life-Cycle Management and the Benefits of Project Management to an composition Project Life-Cycle Management Successful projects and campaigns usually rely on quality research, proper and careful planning, insights and unvarying adjustments on the basis of feedback. Project management life cycle basic ally has four interrelated phases (Gido & Clements, 2012). For instance, in a packaged water project that I was involved in some time back, the project was divided into four phases initiation, planning, execution and conclusion or closure. The figure below represents phases of project management life-cycle. ... It is inseparable top conduct a review in order to establish the viability of the project during the initiation phase. This entrust help in determining the likelihood of achieving the desired deliverables of the project. Also, a proper project team mustiness be created that will ensure the accomplishment of every project task within the right timeframe. The universe of discourse of project office will set clear all the tasks that are supposed to be penalise for successful completion of the project. The project charter is crucial for identification of the vision and objectives of the project, scope, project deliverables and overall instruction execution strategy among ot hers. Finally, there is need to review the overall performance of the initiation phase so that whatsoever deviation can be rectified before it is late (Gido & Clements, 2012). Planning Phase This entails the development of schedules, strategies and requisite tools for implementation. This is where project plan is created. The organization develops plans for resource acquisition and use, financial, risk, quality, acceptance and communication. The organization uses project team to accomplish the tasks involved in this project management phase. Execution Phase This phase focuses on building project deliverables. It entails transforming organizational needs into actionable objects. The project team designs and develops the planned solution and authenticates the solution in consent with organizational requirements. This phase also involves monitoring and control, which entails time management, cost management, quality control, risk management and procural among others. Closure Phase T his is the final phase of project life-cycle. It

You are hired as a consultant by Alpha Omega Technical Industries ( Case Study

You be hired as a consultant by Alpha Omega Technical Industries ( TechInd) - Case Study ExampleThe company, TechInd, has been enjoying huge erect growth over the past six months, and this paper provides a network solution for satisfying these demands.First, TechInd moldiness recognize, as well as understand, its vertical commercialise segments as spread away in such cities as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Frankfurt, Dubai, and Shanghai in addition to its Los Angeles headquarters. This will promote in targeting a specific line base where the company has sufficient expertize or experience. Operations in the channel of a vertical market require an understanding of that sector. TechInd has to understand the diverse trends, compliance and regulatory challenges, competitive tendencies, terminology, as well as other core business milieu attributes. Precisely, specializing in vertical market growth will assist TechInd in understanding its market and commodities, bringing additional insight towards its customers, as well as becoming an essential ingredient of its business operations.Existence of viable and logical percentages of data storage and search to farm splitting of data remains a central idea of this system. Such a logical division could play an integral role in avoiding duplication of files on the server as module members are left with the option of guessing where they should put their information. This paper supports the idea of saving on space via science of several servers to be coordinated from the head office in order to avoid running out of space. Such servers could offer an effective platform for file sharing across the organizational spread. This would prevent staff members from storing their work information on their personal machines or lacking trust in the file server (Cyber Security, 2007).Importantly, any database can become unfeasible due to software or hardware failure, or both. Furthermore, it

Frank Lyod Wright and Louis Sullivan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

frump Lyod Wright and Louis Sullivan - Essay ExampleLouis Sullivan, one of the neat architects of the last half of the 19th century, was a brilliant artist with twain practical office arrive and a year at the famed cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris before conductger entry a partnership with Dankmar Adler in 1879. Credited with being the first to give an appropriate form to the vane skyscraper, he was a precursor of American modernism and managed to produce the only forward-looking design of the 1893 Worlds Colombian Exposition in Chicago.1 Unfortunately and unfairly, this designer of dozens of lauded creates, who helped reshape the manner of building structure and aesthetics, is in the first place known today for one thing-his role as Frank Lloyd Wrights Sullivans famous motto of form follows work influenced Wright immensely and was a major reason why Wright considered Sullivan his only influence. That the relationship was mutual is demonstrated by the events of 1889. In that y ear Wright married Catherine Lee Clark Tobin, and Sullivan loaned him the enormous sum of $5,000 to buy property in oak tree Park, Illinois and build a house.4 His willingness to help Wright illustrates the mutual respect between the employer and employee at this time.Although one of his early works, the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio in Oak Park can be considered a workshop, used by the architect to begin developing some intriguing concepts. The initial construction phase of 1889 exhibits features that portend the originate Wrights philosophy of architecture the emphasis on pure geometric forms, the broad, sheltering roof, the use of natural materials and the unity of building and site.5These features blurred the distinctions between inside and outside, and marked a growing integration of landscape and construction. In addition, the interior was focused around the fireplace and astonishingly open in design, with none of the Victorian pecking order of divided spaces evident. W right continued designing houses in Oak Park on the side, and this conflict of interest led to Sullivan firing him in 1893.6 Never one to stop working, Wright simply opened his own office and alter in domestic architecture. By 1902 he designed his first Prairie house, a style defined by horizontal orientation, rows of small windows, low-pitched roofs featuring overhanging eaves and an open interior plan with a central fireplace.7 With its definitive woodwind instrument and stucco exterior, it also works in conjunction with the suburban setting. Its cruciform plan is designed so that the movement from one wing to the next is diagonal, and these 45 degree angles are featured in new(prenominal) parts of the house.8 This epoch construction, completely distinct from Sullivans verticality, would not have been possible had he not been fired.Decades of both personal and professional trouble followed, but Wright weathered the strenuous difficulties and re-emerged in the 1950s. His most fam ous terminal cause from this final stage is undoubtedly the Wright, Frank Lloyd, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum of 1956-1959. Completed after his death and considered Wrights great swansong,9 it is an exercise in pushing concrete to the limits of plasticity. After entering the inverted swirl, visitors move to the top via elevators and proceed downward at a leisurely pace on the gentle slope of a continuous do.10 This final monument vividly illustrates how far Wright progressed from the early stages of his career.However, the first Wright building to feature an internal spiral ramp was the V. C. Morris Gift Shop of 1949, designed concurrently to the Guggenheim project.11 Inside are display cases and shelves that follow

Critically analyse the factors which influence the exercise of Essay

critically analyse the factors which influence the exercise of management prerogative in employment relations - Essay utilizationHence employers prerogative ensures the basic skillful of an employer to apply his/her creative concepts in the business. However, it does not style the employer to harass employees but only gives the right to satisfy his/her business interests. The following part will critically analyze the factors which normally influence the exercise of management prerogative in employment relations in the US, UK, and China.The USs right to manage is very different from that of the other developed countries. Joint finale of relationship between employers and organized employees through collective bargaining is now a protected right in the United States (James 1992). Obviously United States has adopted a more liberal policy towards employees rights. The US law insists that the managerial objectives should be achieved through good employer-employee relations in order t o reduce the get to difficulties and employees physical and mental stress. In the opinion of Summers (1976), the US considers employees last as economical capital penalisation (ibid). During the last decade, many states have limited employers traditional rights to terminate the workers any time as they liked. The uncomely impacts of this law is that sometimes even the most unproductive workers get the opportunity to continue the job and indeed the long term objectives of the enterprise get impeded. This law enforcement is against the employers right of hire and fire the employees. legion(predicate) US regulations including EEO legislations and other non-discrimination acts tend to favor employees rather than employers rights. For instance, a company is liable to prove that the termination of any employee is not due to discrimination of any sort. As a positive outcome of such(prenominal) restrictions on employers prerogative employee-employer relationship has been enhanced in t he US business environment. In contrast, the restrictions would draw off back innovative

Assingment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assingment 2 - quiz ExampleThese arrangings are different in terms of their culture, design, structure and homophile performance (Lichtenstein and Alexander, 2004). This paper exit provide insight into how two different cultures, structures and their designs will impact on individuals, groups and structures within the organisation and ultimately towards improving organisations effectiveness.A work team rout out bring differences in organisation through coordination. Team combined fret always results in greater effort compared to individual work. Teams can do complex tasks together. Through teams organisations can increase their work performance with less cost. This combined effort will always results in outstanding performance and goal achievement. They can provide new growth ideas, provide customer services, make contracts, coordinate projects, offer valuable deals, and make decisions (Lichtenstein and Alexander, 2004).Teams within organisations have more(prenominal) indepe ndent approach and positive attitude towards changing environment than are traditional types of working conditions or other forms of permanent groupings. Teams are more beneficial if multiple skills are needed to perform a job. Teams can be do on urgent basis have ability to be unthaw on quick basis as well (Chan, 2002). Case 1 Biogenia plc have a cross-functional teams duration Case 2 Sleepeasy Hotels have problem solving teams.In Case 1 company has created teams made up of employees from four different functional areas Research and Development, Manufacturing, Sales and marketing and, finally, Support (covering financial services, human resources and legal services) to work on different projects. They are using cross-functional teams. Employees within teams are gathered from the very(prenominal) hierarchical level, but they belong to different departments to work together on companys depute project (Parker, 2003).Employees are from diverse backgrounds

Austrian Political Discourse Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Austrian Political Discourse - Case Study ExampleSince it was torn d profess in Austria there was adjustment that had to be made. It is important to know that politicians and the media were ecstatic about the changes yet they were not on the whole prepared for the changes, both good and bad, that would manifest in the future.Armed with wire-cutters, Austrias Foreign Minister Alois Mock was shown doing his part--literally as well as symbolically--to open the border between Austria and Hungary. 1 The end of 1989 witnessed the success of the Roumanian revolution, and the spend of eastern European Stalinist regimes (or the death of Marxism, according to taste) was everywhere exuberantly acclaimed. As the first waves of refugees and immigrants seek asylum and work made their way westward, however, this enthusiasm soon dampened.2By the end of 1989 many changes had occurred. include was the fall of eastern European Stalinist regimes. Other significant events that resulted from the fall of the palisade were the success of the Rumanian revolution, and the demise of Marxism, according to taste. 3 Many things of significance politically ensued he fall of the wall indicator became an issue when these paramount events took placer. Racism also became a significant factor.Shortly after the fall of the wall in 1989 refugees and immigrants seeking both work and asylum began making their... The influx of immigrants set the basis for fight for power in the new effect freedom. As well the large amounts of immigrants seeking new found freedom in the west set the stage for problem with racism and one of the new arenas for this was Austria. They became know as political and sparing refugees. They elided rather quickly to these new parts. .Without a doubt, the patronizing acceptance in Austria of political refugees from Communist eastern Europe seems to have disguised more profound ethnic impinge towards these groups of immigrants. . The uncertainties of this new political c onfiguration in Europe occasioned the emergence in Austrian public keep of xenophobic discourses, fed by and couched in the terms of social anxiety. Those who even a few months antecedently would have been largely welcomed as heroic refugees from tyrannical regimes, suddenly became socially more threatening economic immigrants, spirit and salami merchants, criminals, etc., too lazy and selfish to remain in their countries and solve their own problems. 33 van Dijk, Teun. 1985. Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam Benjamins.An indication of the political implications of this transformation was given in the ride preceding the 1990 elections to the Austrian National Assembly. Confronted by the obvious success which the Austrian Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei sterreichs, or FP), seconded in its effort by the Neue Kronen Zeitung, the largest selling newspaper in Austria, was registering with its more or less pellucid appeals to these ethnic hostilities, politicians from the mainstrea m Social Democratic Party (SP) and the Christian democratic Austrian Peoples Party (VP) quickly accommodated their own electoral strategies and general political

Description of what is Typical grief noting all manifestations Essay

Description of what is Typical grief noting all manifestations - turn out ExampleGrief is a process of healing starself to become a part of life after losing someone close. Bereaved comes out of it after a specific time period only if it manifests in his behaviors and reactions. This paper discusses some of these manifestations.Depersonalization is a term used to describe the start out when oneself or ones body feels somehow strange or unreal .Derealization is the term used to describe the experience when external reality seems strange or unreal (Davies, 2004,p.42).Lindemann (1944, as cited in Worden, 2009) explained physical sensation of a deprive as a reaction of the loss. A sense of depersonalization is one of them. For example, a bereaved told that he walked down the street and felt everything is unreal including himself. Such reactions argon taken for granted but hold an important place in grieving process (p.23).Disbelief or denial is a common manifestation of grief. It ha ppens when bereaved is shocked by sudden or unexpected news of decease or loss. According to Worden (2009), people tend to deny the fact and show mistrust by saying, it ceaset happen or informer is mistaken. A widow told him that after the death of her husband, she kept delay for someone to wake her up and tell her that she was dreaming. Another explained, despite of her husbands long sickness, she was not quite ready for his death (p.34).Idealization is very common behavior people idealize their lost(p) or separated partners. Bereaved forgets about the negative characteristics or faults of deceased. Only good and loveable things are remembered without any reservation (HBM, n.d).Demonization refers to blaming enemies or evil powers for the loss. According to Worden (2009) anger, if handled in ineffective way pile lead to the situation in which bereaved direct the loss towards some other person and condemn him for death. They believe that the person

Nternational Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nternational Business Environment - Essay exemplar legion(predicate) economists directed their concern towards creating measures that would normalise the situation. This paper is analyses the response of UK government to the sparing recession. 1. United acres hosts some of the largest financial institutions in the world. Their role in the world parsimony is very crucial because some(prenominal) investors across the world have invested their treasures in these banks. The recent economic recession shook the foundation of UK economy with many institutions retrogressing because of the effects of the financial spill. North England and Scotland felt the effects of the recession that was evident through close of businesses, loss of jobs, increase in commodity prices, government inability to offer crucial services to the nation, and affable breeding became very hard (Boffey, 20121). The government could not control the inflation levels because of the debts that it registered through the economic meltdown. The economic meltdown has created tension in the political sphere because many politicians do not know how to postulate citizens who have shown their displeasure with the current trends they observe in the market. Political platform becomes greasy when politicians fail to cut through issues that affect the common person. Many economic critics believe that the UK government has powers, which brush off institute normalcy in the market (Gibb, and Leishman, 201123). David Cameroon lamented the action taken by the western nations in responding to the biting effects of the financial collapse. Many critics directed their concern to the anticipated events that would yield from the status of events. In deed, the crisis is a real mess to life of a common person. The increase in cases of unemployment is a bigger threat that the government of Scotland feel that it should unemployment index. sharp decline registered in the financial market indicates that the economy is unable to create new opportunity in the job market. The labour market largely depends on the level of economic growth in creating new opportunities for job seekers (Smit, 201012). Many people have lamented that they have to work for long hours in order to roleplay the needs that they were able to meet with normal working hours before the recession. The concern is genuine because pound has disoriented value. A person has to cough more coins for a product that was affordable before the inflation. An opposite noteworthy thing in Scotland is that the nation has registered a decline in investor interests. 2. Economists fear that reverberation of the economic crisis can trigger more problems to United Kingdom when it fails to handle it effectively. Speech delivered by Cameroon pointed acquisition to lack of freight among the western countries in dealing with the crisis. However, some critics believe that UK government should demonstrate that it could exercise authority by restoring the financial spill (Wan, 2004146). Ideally, it is wise for United King to handle the situation using the optimum ontogenesis of national economies theory put forward by Michael Porter and Adam Smith. Theory argues that a state can promote economic growth if it specialises in creating products that it commands total cost advantage over other competing nations and engage in importation of products that it is unable to produces (Larti, 20106). The notion propagated by the theory is that a country should be able to identify areas where it can perform best and use them to its advantage instead of engaging in

Mktg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Mktg - try ExampleThe other common restriction is imposition of taxes and tariffs on imports. Lastly, a government may exile trade between it and another country or countries. This is called Embargoes.Logistic mental process Index is an international logistic assessment tool used to determine a countries global trade performance in watch to logistical dimensions. These dimensions incude, choice of trade as facilitated by infrastructure, efficiency in regard to the clearance concept, relative save in the arrangement and pricing of shipment products, tracking and tracing ability of products being exported and imported. Overall quality and competitiveness of services used in logistics which may include transport oparations.Lastly under Logistic Performance Index is reliability. This refers to if the goods are able to reach their intended destination within expected time.In familiar outline, logistic performance index can be implored in a number of ways. They guide the assemblance of goods in advance being exported to another country. They also facilitate import procedures and provide guidelines that are common to parties participating in trade. It gives firms universal outlook and enables all nations be potential markets. In conclusion political restricts uphold the overall trading welfare of a particular country whereas logistic Performance index puts logistic systems in place to enable effective trading environment

Country Risk Ananlysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Country Risk Ananlysis - Research subject ExampleSome finds preempt be diversified away through investing in portfolios of investments which transform each others risk. The risk that can be diversified away is called diversifi able-bodied risk or unsystematic risk. On the other hand systematic risk cannot be diversified and is thus to a fault called un-diversifiable risk. Economic and governmental risk is inherent risks of operating in a bucolic. The economic risk is the risk that economy of that country would change for the worse. This change could be callable to bad management or uncomprehend able natural causes, such as reduction in oil prices for a country which has oil as its primary export. Political risk on the other hand points towards the stability in the country. This is the risk that on that point would be semipolitical turmoil in a country which would result in loses on investment. The upstart changes in the Arabian Peninsula are changing the shape of Arab poli tics for ever. There have been major political changes in countries like Egypt, Libya and Syria. These political changes would in due course of time bring positive changes in the region and contribute to the economic stability and wellbeing of local. However these changes have also created a brain and environment of uncertainty in the political environment of the region. There is confusion as to which country would be affected by this political upheaval next. Amongst this political turmoil lies a country of 1.7 million raft known as Qatar. The State of Qatar is located in the Middle East and shares its borders with the Gulf and Saudi Arabia. The country is a monarchy controlled by the Al Thani family. Other monarchies in the region are threatened by political upheavals Qatar is no different due to its political system. However Qatar is still a peaceful country and thither have been no apparent signs of any political upheavals. One of the reasons is the sound economic situations of the country. The economy of Qatar is festering rapidly and is considered one of the fasted growing economies of the world. The nation has a per capita annual GDP of 97,000 dollars, which is one of the highest in the full(a) world. The nation is rich with oil and gas reserves. However instead of simply consuming these resources like many other Arab nations, Qatar has strived to build itself as a strong economic power through development of alkali and industry. The economic growth is stable due to a strong inf clinical depression of foreign capital due to oil exports. This stability plays a primary role in reducing the financial risk of the country. The purchase power parity of Qatar according to CIA Fact-book is estimated to be $123 billion. This is an increase of approximately 20% from previous years. Due to a rick economy the locals are not an active part of the countrys workforce. However efforts are being made to bring about a change in this department. The main hindrance in these efforts is the availability of an excellent social welfare system, which allows people to leave lives near 0 % present of poverty. This can be seen by the high per Capita GDP of Qatar which makes it one of the richest nations in the world. The country risk of Qatar has been defined as CRT-3. Risk tier 3 is defined as Developing legal environment, legal system and origin environment with developing capital markets developing insurance regulatory structure. This means that the country has very low economic risk. This low risk is due to the rapid growth of GDP

Influential Theorist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influential Theorist - Essay ExamplePer Gardner, thither are a wide range of cognitive abilities that are not too closely correlated with unrivaled another, in spite of the close correlations of the aspects of intelligence that is measured thru the IQ test. (Gardner, H., 1983, p 25) For instance, ii kids encyclopedism the multiplication table and peasant A learns or memorizes the table easily and child B is a little slow learning it. In Gardners theory of multiple intelligences, child A doesnt necessarily mean more intelligent then child B for the following reasons child B may be using a different approach, child B may be discernment multiplication in an essentially deeper level, or child B may succeed in a career outside mathematics As the theory says, based on the example above, child Bs slowness can be a result of the processing of the mind of the child and doesnt not necessarily mean the child is a slow learner. The theory suggests that the child Bs intelligence may be a not ch higher Influential Theorist 3 than of the child who easily memorized the multiplication table due to a deeper level of understanding, which appears like slowness. 7 Original Intelligences ground on the book Frames of mind The theory of multiple intelligences, Gardner initially listed seven different types of intelligences. The source two intelligences are the ones that are valued at schools the next three are those oftentimes associated with arts and the termination two are the ones called personal intelligences. (Gardner, H., 1993, 41-43) The first of the pack is linguistic intelligence. It involves sensitivity to the written and spoken languages and the tycoon to learn different languages. This intelligence entails the capability of one person to express himself in either cajolery or poetic manner, or both. The second type of intelligence is logical-mathematical intelligence. This connotes the capability of one person in analyzing logical problems, solving mathematical pro blems and investigating scientific concerns. According to Gardner, this includes the capacity of one person to honor patterns and think logically. This type of intelligence is linked to mathematical and scientific thinking. (Gardner, H., 1993, p 63) The third type and the first of the three intelligences related to arts is musical intelligence. This comprises the skill of a person in the performance, composition and insight of music. This includes the aptitude of a person to distinguish musical pitches, rhythms and tones and the composition of those. The fourth type is bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence. As Gardner believes psychical and physical activity to be related, this type of intelligence entails the capability of one person to use noetic abilities to be in sync with body movements. The fifth type is Influential Theorist 4 spacial intelligence. This types deals with the ability to visualize things with the minds eye. This entails the capability to recognize patterns of wid e space and more trammel areas. People of this type suit careers like designers, architects, artists and others of this sort. The second to the last type is interpersonal intelligence. This deals with the capacity of one person to understand other peoples feelings, motives, intentions and desires towards working with others effectively. Public figures

To What Extent Can USA and USSR Be Blamed for the Start of the Cold War Essay Example for Free

To What Extent Can regular army and USSR Be Blamed for the Start of the common cold war EssayTo What consummation can USA and USSR be fault for the start of the inhuman War? After World War II, a new world high society was created as USSR and USA emerged as the two superpowers. There were already existing tensions between these two in the beginning the war and the wartime alliance was more off of the need to destroy the common enemy, Germany, rather than out of usual agreements between these two. It has been argued that the cold war was caused mostly by the USSR because of their Marxism- Leninism ideology and their channeliseer Stalin. To a large extent according to the Orthodox historians, Marxism- Leninism was responsible for the Cold War as it was an expansionist, aggressive ideology. They expanded under the rail to liberate masses from capitalism. This greatly threatened the USA politically as this liberation meant a communistic takeoer in the liberated country. Als o, the Orthodox historians argue that Stalin showed numerous signs of his unwillingness to co-operate in his dealings with easterly europium.Though Stalin had promised at Yalta to initiate free and fair elections in the east-European states, he went against his word and created communist governments in all the states that were supposed to be freed. In Poland, for example, when the Peasant Party refused to join the Democratic Front as demanded by the communists, the leader and other party officials were subjected to harassment and forced to flee. These aggressive acts by the communists made the Cold War inevitable.Arthur Schlesinger argued, Leninism and Marxism made it impossible for the USSR and USA to co-operate. Gewiss excessively wrote in his book, Rethinking the Cold War that Stalin and the USSR had to be diabolic for the Cold War. However, it is also very difficult to attribute the Cold War to the USSR. The Revisionist historians also have set the blame for the Cold War o n USA. The USA did not realize how devastated USSR was from World War II. most 20 million people had been killed, 1,700 cities were destroyed and about 700,000 villages were in ruins.The USSRs control of Eastern Europe was mainly because she felt insecure because of her status. However, USA had emerged more economically powerful as she had experienced a wartime boom. The USA knew her economic power and thus used it to finance all her plans. This economic boom she experienced lead to the need to trade to maintain her status. Revisionists argue that the USA was responsible for the Cold War in the fact that she wanted to spread the policy of democracy.The USA wanted to create a form of dollar imperialism. Some historians argue that with this new form of imperialism, there was no need to politically take over the country. This can be identified in the Truman doctrine. The USA wanted to contain communism, that is, to stop it from spreading passim the world. However, this was a very im portant policy, the policy of containment, as it marked the official beginning of the Cold War for many.After Churchills famous diction, The Iron Curtain Speech, he indicated the need of an Anglo-American alliance to put down a stop to the communists. This was rather significant as it created quite some suspicion in the USSR. Stalin counterbalance recognized The Iron Curtain Speech as a declaration of war and he replied to this speech by indicating that Mr. Churchill believed that only English speaking nations had the power to control the world. Revisionists argued that this actually caused Stalin to start formally annexing Eastern Europe.However, to blame the Cold War on these two nations will not be all in any case justifiable because of other factors that contribute largely to the Cold War one of which was fear which consequently lead to each party misinterpreting the others actions and reaching out of fear. Post revisionists argue that most of the actions carried out in the Cold War were out of fear. USSRs need to control Eastern Europe was as a result of her fear of being onseted again as she s supporter that Germany had only been able to attack the USSR because that states around her were not friendly.The USA misinterpreted USSRs actions as aggressive and wanting to take over the world. Similarly, when USA introduced the Marshall aid, she did it in order to help Europe to recover from the alarming war loss and also to enable trade with Europe. This aid was interpreted by the USSR as an anti-communism act and consequently rejected this aid for all her satellites. The cold war has many interpretations however, although the USSR and the USA had large roles to play in the development of the Cold War, these attitudes play coupled with other activities that made the Cold War inevitable.

Lying Essay Example for Free

Lying EssayDespite the position that lying is harmful in various ways, at whatever point in each of our lives we run through inhabitd, some may be more than other further we all tell a infinitesimal lie once in a while. In the article Lying Tim Mazur talks about the possible consequences that one evoke for lying and also mention various reason what may cause some to lie. Tim Mazur believes people lie to maintain relationships, please others, avoid awardness and punishment.From my perspective I believe there argon mise en scenes where lying can be gratifying under the following circumstances to maintain peace, in order to gain something beneficial that can mystify life-changing , to protect the wealth of others, and to please others. (implicate how lying can affect others and possible consequences one can face in the begging) One circumstance under which it is acceptable for someone to tell a lie is a situation in which something beneficial that can become life-changin g by virtue of the lie.An opportunity that is life-changing can improve the course of ones twenty-four hours-day existence drastically. And that being said, if ones day to day existence can be improved drastically, then a lie (especially a small one) is well-worth it. For example, the hazard to gain a career through lying could be well-worth it, because it can shape the course of ones enclose future. If for instance the applicant knows she or he is fully capable of performing a task but has no experience performing it, and the strain requires experience or skills that field.She or he might lie about their skills/experience in order to have a better chance at obtaining the job . She or he could then quickly learn the required skills. The confidence that the applicant can exact his or skills up to par has earned she or he a job, and she or he has non hurt either herself or the company at that has now hired him or her. A nonher circumstance in which it is acceptable for one to te ll is when its to please others. Pleasing others is when one says or does something good, to keep that psyche pleased.For example in todays society almost all parents tell their children that Santa clause is realistic or notice them that the tooth fairy left a dollar under their pillow because they lost their tooth. The parents are doing their kids a opt by telling them a lie that both Santa clause, and, the tooth fairy are real by not ruining there childhood. The parents lie to their kids so their children can some sort of imagination. (explain how it isnt hurting the kids and how everyone benefits etc)

Internet Article Review When to call the organization doctor Essay Example for Free

Internet name Review When to call the geological formation doctor EssaySummaryIn the article, When to call the establishment doctor by Robert N. Llewellyn discusses many techniques that argon avail able for an musical arrangement and managers to use in determining how to correctly identify organisational problems, or dismantle actual problems deep down the organization. Llewellyns article briefly describes eight-elements in accomplishing organisational effectiveness Strategic Direction, Goal Alignment, lend Process and Projects, Organizational Structure, Performance counsel, Rewards, Cultural leap out Systems and Infrastructure.The article further points out that after a manager birth identified the elements for effective organizational commission than they should apply these elements to diagnosis problems within the organization. Furthermore, When a fit problem is identified one must use not only simple deductive thinking, but inferential thinking as well. (Llewel lyn, p.79, 2002) Following this step puts management in charge of where the organization is going, strategically and systemically, and avoids the management-fad phenomenon. (Llewellyn, p.79, 2002)Effective ManagementIn week, one Professor Sowunmi asked the class to explain, How does effective management rival organizational success? (Main newsgroup, February 4, 2004 DQ 2)In answering the question I stated, Effective management sack up have an endless impact upon the success of an organization. call into question Article 3The main goals of any business ar to shake sure that its organization and its employees perform proficiently and productively. Any company thunder mug accomplish these goals if the employees are provided with appropriate guidance, enough flexibility, and supplied with the necessary information some what the organization is trying to accomplish. Moreover, a company that is successfully managed has a vision and knows how to make decisions that are consistent wi th the companys vision. In addition, an organization that has good management canister make good decisions that not only improve the profits of the company, but also give the employees a sense of pride in their company. A company that is managed successfully recognizes and appreciates its customers and will go all the right smart in making sure the customer is place first. (Easter-Brown, DQ 2, February 7, 2004)This statement helps support the fact that if an organization fails to properly diagnosis problems within the organization they are most probably committing a form of organizational malpractice. In other words, thinking about the many ways organizations try to change and make themselves healthier makes it to the highest degree impossible if they are unwilling to remember that prescription without diagnosis is malpractice, whether in medicine or management.On the other hand, the self-medication approach can sometimes have express mail impact and can even omit headway. With out any external help or compositions, the side effects or self-treatment can be limited management thinking, stubborn devotion to traditional and comfortable viewpoints. Self-medication can work well, but management must be well informed about the range of effective remedies.Interview Article 4 care the statement made by Kevin OConnell, one of my fellow classmates, Effective management uses mistakes as opportunities for learning and is able to recover and quickly adapt to changes in the business climate. Ineffective management points the blame on others and neer learns nor takes ownership for mistakes. (Main newsgroup DQ2, February 5, 2004)Furthermore, preferring the self-medication approach, many organizations continually engage in various processes aimed at self-change. They may purchase current management books, videos and training materials the counterpart of over-the-counter medications but in general, they prefer to figure things out for themselves. numerous firms are si mply more comfortable with this do it yourself approach and have little attraction to the idea of bringing in outsiders to deal with their change agenda. Internal task forces, special initiatives, campaigns and focused training programs can be effective forms of self-treatment. If they have a core team of bright, well-qualified internal change agents, they could make great progress. Llewellyn states, managers should first correctly diagnosis organizational problems first, then, if needed, search for a consultant that has the experience needed. (pg. 79, 2002)Changes for SHSIf I could make changes or recommendations for my own organization, they would defiantly be built around the guidelines of organizational effectiveness.Interview Article 5The Stamford Health System is currently under new management and many of the guidelines stated in Llewellyns article are exceptional steps for improving the effectiveness of my companys organizational structure, for example, Performance Management , Rewards, and Cultural Support Systems are some good suggestions for improvement. In my recommendations for Performance Management, I would like to see a of importised scheduling streamlines access to the hospitals suffices that satisfy physicians and patients, for example, a Centralized-scheduling staff of stationed in close proximity to the Admitting office, increase their efficiency due to the high volume of walk-in patients. The average 95 faxes and 30 calls received distributively day from physicians offices will be reduce to approximately 15 minutes to schedule. The training process for rally scheduling staff is broader so that they can schedule all procedure/visit types Specific IT systems can now facilitate central scheduling by being smart about scheduling.If my organization wants to be competitive and increase their nurse retention, they need to provide major stimulus to restructure the hospital and organization. in that respect needs to be an improvement in our inte rnal reform strategy as well as a market alliance strategy. In order to be successful in the market purlieu of managed care and managed competition, my institution needs to expand market share through superior quality service reduce management overhead with flat structure increase productivity with self-directed teams control expenses within budget reinforce innovation and performance with incentives and reinfuse employees and medical staff with a sense of shared optimism about the future.Interview Article 6I believe the result will be a sweeping overhaul in organizational culture, driven by a radical shift in management philosophy and a permanent commitment to seek continuous improvements at all levels.ConclusionIt is spare from my evaluation and the article When to call the organization doctor by Robert N. Llewellyn that careful evaluation and diagnosis of the central problems in an organization can help avoid expensive, disruptive, and often unnecessary intervention (pg.79, 20 02) Overall, through a conservative position an organization can develop the capability to evaluate and diagnosis effective organizational skills to improve the many problems that may arise in the organizational structure. Fundamentally, as long as the organization is willing to strive for organizational effectiveness, they have a greater chance of solving problems within the company.Interview Article 7ReferencesEaster-Brown, D. (Feb. 7, 2004). MGT 330 Main Newsgroup. How does effective management impact organizational success? Retrieved from MGT 330 Main Newsgroup on February 16, 2004Llewellyn, R.N. (Mar. 2002). When to call the organization doctor HR Magazine. Vol. 47, Iss. 3, pg. 79. Retrieved from ProQuest database on February 2, 2004.OConnell, K. (Feb. 5, 2004). MGT 330 Main Newsgroup. How does effective management impact organizational success? Retrieved from MGT 330 Main Newsgroup on February 16, 2004Sowumni, A. (2004). Overview of The Concepts of Management Week I Lecture. R etrieved from MGT 330 Course Newsgroup on February 13, 2003.University of Phoenix (Ed.). (2002). Management Theory, Practice, and Application University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Custom Publishing Retrieved February 13, 2003.

The Blame Game Essay Example for Free

The Blame Game EssayWhen I think about law enforcement, the thoughts that come to school principal are to protect and serve its citizens, its people, and the innocent. The Waco Siege is an example of what happens when Law Enforcement Agencies fail to do their most introductory job, protect the innocent. The Waco tragedy could have been avoided if the Law Enforcement Agencies involved had done their job of protecting the innocent and did not make such catastrophic tactical errors. The Waco Siege began on February 28, and ended violently 50 eld later on April 19, 1993. The besieging began when the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) attempted to execute a search free at the Branch Davidian ranch at Mount Carmel. After the ATFs failed to execute the search warrant, a siege was begun by the Federal Bureau of Investigation which lasted 50 days, and ended when a second assault on the involved was made, and then fire engulfed the compound. Seventy-six peo ple died in the fire, including more(prenominal) than 20 children and two meaning(a) women.As Peter Meyer points out, the mistakes began with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. The 51-day FBI siege of the Branch Davidian compound followed the killing of four ATF agents who were attempting to serve warrants on the occupants. According to Kate OBeirne in her article Waco II the Awful, the committees found that the ATF could have avoided the killings The agents in tuition recklessly proceeded with the raid even though they knew they would encounter armed resistance.She further concluded that the ATFs inherent investigation of Koresh and his followers for possible violations of federal gun laws was grossly incompetent. It is clear that the ATF wanted to mount a large- scale military raid (dubbed Showtime), with Koresh as the target (OBeirne). The ATF want special training in close-combat flake from Army Special Forces two months forward the bureau had probable cause fo r a warrant and before its underc everywhere investigation had even begun.The agency rejected an offer by Koresh to permit an inspection of his compound (OBeirne). The arrest warrant could have been served on Koresh when he left the compound, but ATF agents mistakenly believed that he seldom ventured out The agents maintaining 24-hour surveillance from a house across the street didnt know what he looked like. The affidavits filed in comport of the arrest and search warrants were riddled with false statements, outdated facts, and inflammatory, unsubstantiated charges of child abuse, which were outside the jurisdiction of the ATF anyway.When over 70 ATF agents, in commando gear complete with ski masks, arrived at the compound to execute their changing entry, the Davidians fired on them. The ATF had been expected. The agency had notified the media that something was to happen that weekend, and a TV cameraman in need of directions sought the assistance of a local who happened to be a Koresh in-law. He headed straight to the compound. The agents in charge discharged an ATF undercover agents warning that Koresh knew of the raid (Abrams).Nobody at the ATF has been held accountable for these gross errors in judgment and ulterior lies during a criminal investigation. Two senior raid commanders were fired following an internal investigation, but they were rehired two months later, with back pay and attorneys fees, after complaining through the civil-service system. Suspicions linger that they were rehired, in nonsupervisory roles, to prevent them from making glutinous disclosures about the agency. In his article The Waco Disaster, David Kopel states that Congress investigated the FBIs actions, too.The committees found that the FBI had failed to appreciate that the pressure on the Davidians bonded them all the more closely and reinforced Koreshs apocalyptic vision of their fate. While FBI negotiators held out hope that a peaceful closing was possible, the agents be came increasingly frustrated with the delays. One FBI behavioral-science expert counseled patience in a series of memos to headquarters, until he learn that his superiors werent pleased with the tone of his advice They felt it was tying their hands.According to the article Waco Revisited, the author notes, that the FBI agent in charge at Waco testified that the reason the feds eventually turned off the electricity in the compound was that cold and nasty FBI personnel resented the presumed comforts of the Davidians. The agents testimony indicated that the decision to mount the load-gas assault was the result of their weariness and frustration they were devolve and ticked off. Every reason the FBI gave as necessitating the siege dissolved on close inspection.There was no assure that Koresh was planning a violent breakout the hostage-rescue team didnt have to stand down for training for some other two weeks other law-enforcement personnel could have relieved them and guarded the perimeter and there was no induction that children in the compound were in immediate jeopardy. The initial assault (Plan A), involving the slow and incremental injection of tear gas by tanks into the compound, was undertaken at 602 in the morning. When this non-assault was met with gunfire, Plan B went into effect at 607.Over the next six hours, tear gas was inserted into every portion of the compound, while the buildings were dismantled. There was no Plan C (Meyer). Elliott Abrams argues, that the FBI failed to acknowledge the fact that CS gas was banned for battlefield use by 100 nations or that it could make victims incapable of evacuating the area, according to an army field manual. Clearly, FBI officials had miscalculated the Davidians reactions to the gas-and-tank assault, and failed to provide fire shield at the scene.The Waco Tragedy has become the most controversial law enforcement operation in modern American history. Although the official investigation of the incident now places all of the blame for the carnage on the Branch Davidian leader, David Koresh, legion(predicate) crimes by government agents were never seriously investigated or prosecuted. If those crimes go unpunished, the Waco incident will leave an repulsive precedent that Law Enforcement Agents can use the color of their office to commit crimes against citizens.

Environmental economics Essay Example for Free

Environmental economics EssayIt is a familiar characteristic of city life it is a type of large scale outdoor contamination. It consists of blur grossly contaminated by the product of the inefficient combustion of coal. Chemical reaction between pollutants derived from diverse sources primarily automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. For each city that exact causes of pollution may be different, depending on the geographical location, temperature, wind and weather factors, smog in its acute form occurs specially during the spry months of the year. Notable, air pollution disaster of this kind was recorded in December 1952 where London smog lasted in the acute stage for five days and overall for ten days. Casualties were among cattle and opera performance had to be stopped after the audience had no vision of the stage. More seriously though, it was estimated to perk up been directly responsible for(p) for an additional four thousand deaths. Specify the externalities/fac tors that have made this trouble and the extent of the externalities involved, the impact and late trends.In pure commercialise economy resource allocation is the publication of the decisions of consumers (households) and producers (firms) who seek to maximize the battle between benefit and incurred lives i. e. private benefit and private represent. But in the weakness of the market economy is that it may fail to take account of any additional benefit or cost which spill over from the original decisions. The cost or benefits additional to those which argon the immediate concerns of the parties to a achievement be the spill-overs or externalities, they are non provided for directly in the market place.Due to activities of individuals or firms piece based or naturally pollution occurs as a result of emitting too much of a substance to the environment so as to have harmful feelings. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling life-threatening chemicals present in the atmosphe re. These dangerous chemicals preserve be either in form of gases or particles and have diverse and numerous effects on human beings and the natural ecosystems. Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel easily therefore making it a global problem and to a conquer of cooperation and conflict.Emission of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, lead, suspended particulates and organic compounds that skunk evaporate and enter the atmosphere. tonal pattern pollution caused naturally includes forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radio activity. This does not occur in abundance in particular locations. Most pollution is as a result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel.These few factors are responsible for up to 90% of all air pollution in the United States alone. Other cities same Ja pan, China, Mexico and San Paulo have some of the most deadly pollution emission levels in the world. The world we are in is driven by fossil fuels, cars and other forms of transportation i. e. tracks, trains, aeroplanes e. t. c. run primarily on gasoline derived from oil. We can therefore say that some of the pollution issues that we face currently are directly related to the capacity choice we have.Cooking, heating, lighting, e. . c. for homes, work places, industries apply oil, coal and natural gas making us prone to pollution. Solutions to this problem begin with the logic of cost. This is where issues of renewable energy alternatives are suggested only when corresponding arguments of greater energy readiness and reliance on renewable energy is alike advocated for. Some notable air pollution disasters are for example the most publicized issues of second hand smoking. The smokers not only harm themselves but alike others close by when they breathe this smoke.Industrial emis sions did contribute to respiratory symptoms for several individuals and sixty deaths in Meuse sphere of Belgium in December 1930. In Danara, Pennsylvania, October 1948, twenty people died as a result of smog. This is a take place problem that has seen world population mortality rate go up, low life expectancy e. t. c, this is payable to diseases present in modern society and were not present 100 years go. Define using examples how policies to reduce this problem could be measured. Benefit charge Policies set out to restrict smoking are important in attaining a healthy environment and individual.Policies to regulate smoking are in effect in some locations, but personalized exposure should be motivated and limited wherever possible. until now a combination of scientist, legislators, business leaders and individuals is a prerequisite for adherence and advocacy with a behold to achieving a better environment. In this case therefore second hand smokers are protected especially in public places, this has therefore resulted to a decline in lung cancer, respiratory cases which would have cost the politics and the unsuspecting persons a lot of money for treatment.On realizing the catastrophic effect of pollution and the environmental and personal costs associated with it, monitoring the air and environment campaign lead to (i) Education in schools and universities where students begin at a very young age learning about the effects of pollution. They are taught and trained on management and conservation which carries in handy in the proceeding years of their life. (ii) Scientific groups have in addition been formulated as a result of government policies.These aim to study the environment with a tantrum of coming up with solutions of encroaching problems and finding lasting and workable solutions (iii) legislative bodes have also contributed hugely by writing down laws that control emission. In this case therefore persons found violating the set laws is reaso nable for prosecution. This makes industries oblige to avoid pollution and consequently revert to better and safer methods of production. (iv) Policies have also enabled the setting up of regulatory agencies e. g. united nations, the atmosphere management program to carry out environmental hears.They are compile to monitor, advocate and control the environment. These and much more are examples on policy formulated for better management and monitoring of the environment. As a result therefore emission of eat up to minimized, controlled and checked. Dumping, waste disposal and waste management is carried out in a better way and thus reducing pollution levels. We also see that health cases and deaths are minimized, the government and individuals end up spending less for treatment in pollution related illnesses. The scenarios and beauty of landscapes, plants, etc is also retained.Measuring the cost of reducing the problem In conducting environmental sound economic analysis, we are re quired to determine the environmental and natural resource impact of the project or policy in question. In this case therefore it is the smog effect. It should also handle biologic and social effects. One needs to measure the impact to determine the cost of solving it and this relies on the experts much(prenominal) as engineers, ecologists, agronomists, etc. We also put into consideration valuing the physical impact and relationship.Environmental impact can result in a miserable change in environmental quality. Estimating cost is generally easier than estimating benefits but it is not easy. One major problem derived from the fact that benefit cost analysis is forward facial expression and thus requires an estimate of what a particular strategy will cost which is more difficult than introduce down what an existing strategy does cost. Another fundamental problem disposed by collecting cost information when the availability of the information is controlled by a firm having an intere st in the outcome.

Speech for running treasurer Essay Example for Free

Speech for running treasurer EssaySeeking to obtain a rewarding and challenging Flight Attendant position with a growth-oriented company that promotes a team environs and reaching the highest possible standards.Qualifications SummaryExtensive knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal operate, including customer needs assessment, concourse quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction. Expert in the structure and content of the English language, including the meaning and spell out of words, rules of composition, and grammar. Very attentive, giving full attention to customers, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and conveying empathy. Outstanding communication and interpersonal skills.EducationDe La SalleBachelor in Science study in Tourism (2014-2018)Work ExperienceFlight Attendant June 2018- Present, Tarom Airlines, Phoenix, AZProvide personal services to hold in the saf ety and comfort of airline passengers during flight. Greet passengers, verify tickets, and serve food and beverages. Announce and debate safety and emergency procedures such as the use of oxygen masks, seat belts, and life jackets. Answer passengers questions nigh flights, aircraft, weather, travel routes and services, arrival times, and schedules. Assist passengers in placing carry-on luggage in overhead, garment, or under-seat storage.Guide passengers while first appearance or disembarking the aircraft. Attend preflight briefings concerning weather, altitudes, routes, emergency procedures, crew coordination, lengths of flights, food and beverage services offered, and numbers of passengers. Check to ensure that food, beverages, blankets, reading material, emergencyequipment, and other supplies are aboard and are in adequate supply. Collect coin for meals and beverages.Conduct periodic trips through the cabin to ensure passenger comfort and distribute reading material, headphone s, pillows, acting cards, and blankets. Flight Attendant May 1999 May 2003, British Airways/Flytele, Atlanta, GAResponsibilities included Directing and assisting passengers in the face of an emergency, preparing passengers and aircraft for landing by following procedures, greeting passengers boarding aircraft and directing them to assigned seats. Served prepared foods and beverages, and sold sousing drinks. Announced flight delays and descent preparations.Took inventory of headsets, food and drink, and money collected. Walked aisles of planes to verify that passengers were in compliance with federal official regulations prior to take-offs and landings. Administered first aid to passengers in distress.Inspected and cleaned cabins, checking for any problems and maintaining order. Inspected passenger tickets to verify information and obtain stopping point information. Operated audio and video systems.http//workbloom.com/resume/sample/air-hostess.aspxhttp//coverlettersandresume.com /airline/airline-stewardess-resume-example/ http//coverlettersandresume.com/flight-attendant/the-best-resume-of-flight-attendant/ http// http//www.crewpacific.com.au/how-to-register-for-work-with-crew-pacific/resume-examplecoverlettersandresume.com/flight-attendant/top-5-objectives-for-flight-attendant/

Effect of Internal Controls on Financial Performance Essay Example for Free

Effect of Internal Controls on financial Performance EssayOver the past decade, Africa and other developing regions shed been in the midst of marvellous swops. Market liberalization and g everyplacenmental decentralization policies encounter inter approach with globalization and urbanization trends to dramatic every(prenominal)y transform social, political, frugal and cultural lives. In this context of rapid change, SME operations bathroom no longer re main quarter serving only to meet sustenance income for their owners. SMEs engagements move over to become a participating and integral fragmentize of the trade economy. The identification of factors that determine new game process such as survival, proceeds or profitability has been one of the most central fields of entrepreneurship re try (Sarasvathy, 2004). A multitude of research written document has foc apply on exploring various(a) vari satisfactorys and their meeting on performance (Bamford et al., 2004). However, in order to be able to analyze and model the performance of new ventures and SMEs, the complexity and dynamism they be facing as considerably as the fact that they may non be a homogenous group just now importantly protestent in regard to m any characteristics (Gartner et al., 1989) vex to be taken into account.In line with the supra, thither have been challenging debates all everyplace the world on the role played by slightened and mass medium Enterprises (SMEs) towards sparing development. Therefore, a vast literature on the maturation and performance of SMEs has been developed over the years. micro and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have had a privileged treatment in the development literature, particularly over the last two decades. Hardly any arguments ar gift forward against SMEs, even if development policies do not necessarily favour them and economic programs, voluntarily or not, often continue to result in whopping capital investment. Arguments for SME s come from almost all corners of the development literature programs, particularly in the little developed countries (LDCs), tend to emphasise the role of SMEs, even if practical results differ from the rhetoric. (Carlos Nuno Castel-Branco. May, 2003) Therefore, SMEs seem to be an current wisdom inwardly the development debate.It is believed that exploitation in SMEs should have a positive effect on the living conditions of the populate, their income level, housing, utilities. Castel-Branco (2003), in a raceplace, revealed that this is not forever true beca wont worlds where SMEs ar performing so well(p) attracts public attention and many competitors begin to troop into the ara. This subsequently leads to over congestion with its associated problems of which accommodation is not an exception. The structure of SMEs in gold coast as perhaps one of the main engines of growth can be viewed as rural and urban enterprises. For urban enterprises, they can either be planned or unplanned. The planned-urban enterprises atomic go 18 characterized by paid engrossees with registered offices whereas unplanned-urban enterprises are mostly confined to the home, open space, temporal wooden structures, and employment in that is family or apprentices oriented.In the recent pursuit of economic progress, gold coast as a developing rude has world-widely come to recognize that the SME heavens may well be the main driving imbibe for growth, due to its entrepreneurial re germs and employment opportunities. Neverthe slight, the existing approachs to explore empirically the roles played by SME in the economic development of a nation are still somewhat ambiguous. This can be attri besidesed, more(prenominal) or less, to the fact that when examining economic progress per se, economists have tended to ignore the industrial structure of the economy and the impact this can have on such development. The ambiguity of the role of SMEs has therefore necessitated the need fo r a subject to be conducted to main course the actual impact of the proliferation of SMEs on the inhabitants of the Medina community.1.2 Problem StatementThe meek patronage domain is recognised as an integral component of economic development and a crucial element in the enterprise to lift countries pop out of poverty (Wolfenson, 2001). The dynamic role of abject and specialty enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries as engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved has long been recognized. The growth of dainty outstrip businesses in Ghana so rapid, that it is now seen as a daily affair. Many Potential owners of SMEs move to areas where the emotional state they can succeed to set them up there. More so, many factors may contribute to the movement of people to settle at certain geographical areas.It is believed that the factors that influence migration include the need for peaceful and violent exculpate environment, the need for fer tile business locations, the desire for privacy, government policy and a host of others. Specifically, with noteence to the above, the Medina municipality of the greater Accra region has experienced a noticeable growth and increase in the snatch movements into the area and for that matter SMEs increase in the last few years. It is important to mention that some research studies have been conducted to determine the objective impact of migrations on host societies. In line with the above, this study sorts to valuate the reputation of SMEs in Medina with respect to the engagement of men and women, the main sources investment firms for them, the main objectives and challenges faced by SMEs in Medina, reasons the explosion of SMEs in Medina and the scio-economic impacts of this growth of SMEs in Medina.1.3 Objectives1.3.1 Main ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to assess the general impact of the plorefication of SMEs in Medina on the Medina municipality of the Greater A ccra region.1.3.2 Specific Objectives1. To assess the nature and forms of SMEs in Medina and the intercourse involvement of women and men. 2. To identify the main objectives and challenges of SMEs in Medina and to rank them in order of importance. 3. Assess the main sources of capital for SMEs in Medina.4. To assess the status of SMEs in Medina with regard to business registration, savings, record keeping and business account holding. 5. To determine the factors that account for the emergence of dwarfish outperform businesses in the Medina community 6. To assess the socio-economic impacts of the growth of SMEs in Medina1.4 Research QuestionsThe study shall provide answers to the following research questions 1. What is the nature of SME operation in Medina and the relative involvement of women and men? 2. What are the main objectives and challenges of SMEs in Medina and which are ranked more importance? 3. What are the main sources of capital for SMEs in Medina?4. What are the st atus of SMEs in Medina with regard to business registration, savings, record keeping and business account holding? 5. What factors have accounted for the emergence of small scale businesses in the Medina community? 6. What are the socio-economic impacts of the growth of SMEs in Medina? 1.5 Justification of the StudyIt is difficult to analyze the performance, nature of operation and behavior of the SME sector in Ghana due to the lack of comprehensive data on them and their activities. The sector is not classified ad into sub-sectors and the last industrial survey was conducted in 1995 but covered only middling and plumping industries. In respect of this, the justification of this study rests on the fact that, study leave roll in the hay help provide cultivation on the nature of SMEs in Medina with respect to the involvement of men and women, the main sources funds for them, the main objectives and challenges faced by SMEs in Medina, reasons the explosion of SMEs in Medina and t he socio-economic impacts of this growth of SMEs in Medina.Furthermore, the study while provide spanking information policy begetrs of the Medina municipality and all other stakeholders of the Medina community. Finally the study while produce information to will add on to existing literature for further studies in this area. 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the StudyDue to epoch and resource constrains, this study is restricted particularly to the Medina community. The study foc use of goods and servicess on the factors that account for the growth of SMEs in Medina and the socio-economic impacts of this change on the people of Medina among others. The study is limited in scope because it fails to cover the entire population of Ghana. The findings of this study may therefore lack generalizability as far as other communities in Ghana are concern.1.7 Organization of the StudyChapter 1 deals with the background of the study, the problem statement, objectives of the study, justification o f the study and organization of the study. Chapter 2 reviews both(prenominal) theoretical and empirical literatures on SMEs in general, in Ghana among others. Chapter 3 introduces the study area and describes the methodologies used to analyze the problems stated. It includes the methods used for data collection, and procedure for data analysis. Chapter 4 is devoted to presentation and discussion of results. compendious statistics of the variables used in the study are presented and discussed. Chapter 5 winds up this study drawing conclusions, their policy implications. Suggestions for prox research based on the findings are do.CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter reviews works on small and medium enterprises in the world, Africa and Ghana. The state of SMEs in Ghana is reviewed here. Also, Works on performance and determinants of performance of SMEs are captured. Furthermore, a section of this chapter assesses the various methods of measuring performance of SMEs which while help open up the chthonianstanding of the state of SMEs in Medina. Finally, this chapter closes with some migration theories to help facilitate the comprehension of the factors that actually account for humankind migration, in this case migration to Medina.2.2 Definitions and Concepts of SMEsThere is no single, uniformly acceptable, exposition of a small firm (Storey, 1994). Firms differ in their levels of capitalization, sales and employment. Hence, definitions that employ measures of size (number of employees, turnover, profitability, net worth, etc.) when applied to one sector could lead to all firms being classified as small, while the same size definition when applied to a distinguishable sector could lead to a different result. The first attempt to overcome this definition problem was by the Bolton delegation (1971) when they formulated an economic and a statistical definition. Under the economic definition, a firm is regarded as small if it meets the f ollowing three criteriai. It has a relatively small share of their market placeii. It is managed by owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formalise management structure iii. It is independent, in the sense of not forming part of a large enterprise. The committal as well devised a statistical definition to be used in three main areas a. Quantifying the size of the small firm sector and its contribution to GDP, employment, exports, etc. b. Comparing the extent to which the small firm sectors economic contribution has changed over snip c. Applying the statistical definition in a cross-country analogy of the small firms economic contribution.Thus, the Bolton Committee employed different definitions of the small firm to different sectors. 2.2.1 Criticism of the Bolton Committees scotch Definition of SMEs A number of weaknesses were identify with the Bolton Committees economic and statistical definitions. First, the economic definition which st ates that a small business is managed by its owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formal management structure, is incompatible with its statistical definition of small manufacturing firms which could have up to 200 employees. As firm size increases, owners no longer make principal decisions but devolve responsibility to a team of managers.For example, it is un apt(predicate) for a firm with speed of light employees to be managed in a personalized way, suggesting that the economic and statistical definitions are incompatible. another(prenominal) shortcoming of the Bolton Committees economic definition is that it considers small firms to be operating in a perfectly combative market. However, the idea of perfect competition may not apply here many small firms subscribe niches and provide a highly specialized service or fruit in a geographically isolated area and do not perceive any clear competition (Wynarczyk et al, 1993 Storey, 1994). Alter natively, Wynarczyk et al (1993) identified the characteristics of the small firm other than size. They argued that there are three ways of differentiating amid small and large firms. The small firm has to deal with(a) Uncertainty associated with being a impairment taker(b) Limited customer and product base(c) Uncertainty associated with greater diversity of objectives as compared with large firms. As Storey (1994) stated, there are three key fruit distinguishing features between large and small firms. Firstly, the greater external uncertainty of the environment in which the small firm operates and the greater internal consistency of its motivations and actions. Secondly, they have a different role in innovation. atrophied firms are able to produce something marginally different, in terms of product or service, which differs from the alike(p) product or service provided by large firms. A third area of distinction between small and large firms is the greater likelihood of evolut ion and change in the little firm small firms that become large undergo a number of stage changes.2.2.2 Criticism of the Bolton Committees statistical Definition of SMEs (i) No single definition or criteria was used for smallness, (number of employees, turnover, ownership and assets were used instead) (ii) iii different hurrying limits of turnover were specified for the different sectors and two different upper limits were identified for number of employees. (iii) Comparing monetary units over time requires construction of index numbers to take account of price changes. Moreover, currency fluctuations make international comparison more difficult. (iv) The definition considered the small firm sector to be homogeneous however, firms may grow from small to medium and in some cases to large. It was against this background that the European commission (EC) coined the term Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). The SME sector is made up of three components(i) Firms with 0 to 9 employees micro enterprises(ii) 10 to 99 employees small enterprises(iii) ampere-second to 499 employees medium enterprises.Thus, the SME sector is comprised of enterprises, which employ less than 500 workers. In effect, the EC definitions are based solely on employment rather than a multiplicity of criteria. Secondly, the use of 100 employees as the small firms upper limit is more hold assumption the increase in productiveness over the last two decades (Storey, 1994). Finally, the EC definition did not collide with the SME group is homogenous, that is, the definition makes a distinction between micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises. However, the EC definition is too all encompass for a number of countries. Researchers would have to use definitions for small firms that are more appropriate to their particular ass group (an operational definition). It must be emphasized that debates on definitions turn out to be stereotypic unless size is a factor that influences performance. Fo r instance, the relationship between size and performance matters when assessing the impact of a acknowledgement programme on a targeted group ( alike refer to Storey, 1994).2.2.3 Alternative Definitions of SMEsWorld Bank since 1976 Firms with fixed assets (excluding land) less than US$ 250,000 in value are Small Scale Enterprises. Grindle et al (1988) Small scale enterprises are firms with less than or equal to 25 permanent members and with fixed assets (excludingland) worth up to US$ 50,000. USAID in the 1990s Firms with less than 50 employees and at least half the output is sold (also refer to Mead, 1984). UNIDOs Definition for Developing Countries Large firms with 100+ workers Medium firms with 20 99 workers Small firms with 5 19 workers Micro firms with 5 workers UNIDOs Definition for Industrialized Countries Large firms with 500+ workers Medium firms with 100 499 workers Small firms with 99 workers From the various definitions above, it can be said that there is no unique definition for a small and medium scale enterprise thus, an operational definition is required.2.2.4 Definitions SMEs in GhanaSmall Scale enterprises have been variously defined, but the most commonly used criterion is the number of employees of the enterprise. In applying this definition, confusion often arises in respect of the arbitrariness and cut off dits used by the various official sources. As contained in its Industrial Statistics, The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) considers firms with less than 10 employees as Small Scale Enterprises and their counterparts with more than 10 employees as Medium and Large-Sized Enterprises. Ironically, The GSS in its national accounts considered companies with up to 9 employees as Small and Medium Enterprises (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). An alternate criterion used in defining small and medium enterprises is the value of fixed assets in the organization.However, the National Board of Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) in Ghana appl ies both the fixed asset and number of employees criteria. It defines a Small Scale Enterprise as one with not more than 9 workers, has plant and machinery (excluding land, buildings and vehicles) not exceeding 10 million Cedis (US$ 9506, using 1994 exchange rate) (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). The Ghana Enterprise Development Commission (GEDC) on the other hand uses a 10 million Cedis upper limit definition for plant and machinery.A point of caution is that the process of valuing fixed assets in itself poses a problem. Secondly, the continuous depreciation in the exchange rate often makes such definitions out-dated (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). Steel and Webster (1990), Osei et al (1993) in defining Small Scale Enterprises in Ghana used an employment cut off point of 30 employees to indicate Small Scale Enterprises. The latter however dis-aggregated small scale enterprises into 3 categories (i) micro -employing less than 6 people (ii) very small, those employing 6-9 people (iii) sma ll -between 10 and 29 employees.2.3 Why Small and Medium Scale Enterprises?The choice of small and medium scale enterprises indoors the industrial sector for this study is based on the following propositions (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000).(a) Large Scale Industry(i) Have not been an engine of growth and a good provider of employment (ii) Already receive enormous support through general trade, finance, tax policy and direct subsidies(b) Small and Medium Scale Enterprises(i) Mobilize funds which otherwise would have been idle(ii) Have been recognized as a seed-bed for indigenous entrepreneurship (iii) Are repel intensifier, employing more labour per unit of capital than large enterprises(iv) Promote indigenous technological know-how(vii) Are able to compete (but behind protective barriers)(viii) Use mainly local resources, thus have less foreign exchange requirements(ix) supply for the needs of the poor and(x) Adapt easily to customer requirements (flexible specialization), (Kayanul a and Quartey, 2000). 2.4.0 The Role and Characteristics of SMEs2.4.1 Role of SMEs in Developing Countries diminished rural and urban enterprises have been one of the major areas of concern to many policy makers in an attempt to accelerate the rate of growth in low income countries. These enterprises have been recognized as the engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved. They are potential sources of employment and income in many developing countries. It is estimated that SMEs employ 22% of the adult population in developing countries (Daniels Ngwira, 1992 Daniels Fisseha, 1993 Fisseha, 1992 Fisseha McPherson, 1991 Gallagher Robson, 1995). However, some authors have contended that the job creating impact of small scale enterprises is a statistical flaw it does not take into account offsetting factors that make the net impact more modest (Biggs, Grindle Snodgrass, 1988).It is argued that increases in employment of Small and Medium Enterpr ises are not always associated with increases in productivity. Nevertheless, the important role performed by these enterprises cannot be overlooked. Small firms have some advantages over their large-scale competitors. They are able to adapt more easily to market conditions given their broadly skilled technologies. However, narrowing the analysis down to developing countries raises the following puzzle Do lowly enterprises have a dynamic economic role? Due to their flexible nature, SMEs are able to withstand adverse economic conditions. They are more labour intensifier than larger firms and therefore, have lower capital be associated with job understructure (Anheier Seibel, 1987 Liedholm Mead, 1987 Schmitz, 1995).Small-scale enterprises (SSEs) perform useful roles in ensuring income stability, growth and employment. Since SMEs are labour intensive, they are more likely to succeed in smaller urban centres and rural areas, where they can contribute to the more even distribution of economic activity in a region and can help to slow the flow of migration to large cities. Because of their regional dispersion and their labour intensity, it is argued that small-scale production units can bring forward a more fair distribution of income than large firms. They also change the efficiency of domestic markets and make productive use of unusual resources, thus, facilitating long term economic growth.2.4.2 Characteristics of SMEs in GhanaA distinguishing feature of SMEs from larger firms is that the latter have direct access to international and local capital markets whereas the former are excluded because of the higher intermediation costs of smaller projects. In addition, SMEs face the same fixed cost as Large Scale Enterprises (LSEs) in complying with regulations but have limited capacity to market products abroad. SMEs in Ghana can be categorise into urban and rural enterprises. The former can be sub-divided into organised and unorganised enterprises. The org anised ones tend to have paid employees with a registered office whereas the unorganised category is mainly made up of artisans who work in open spaces, temporary wooden structures, or at home and employ little or in some cases no salaried workers.They rely mostly on family members or apprentices. Rural enterprises are largely made up of family groups, individual artisans, women engaged in food production of local crops. The major activities within this sector include- soap and detergents, fabrics, clothing and tailoring, textile and leather, village blacksmiths, tin-smithing, ceramics, timber and mining, beverages, food processing, bakeries, wood furniture, electronic assembly, agro processing, chemical based products and mechanics ( Liedholm Mead, 1987 Osei et al, 1993, World Bank, 1992). It is raiseing to note that small-scale enterprises make better use of scarce resources than large-scale enterprises.Research in Ghana and many other countries have shown that capital producti vity is often higher in SMEs than is the case with LSEs (Steel, 1977). The reason for this is not difficult to see, SMEs are labour intensive with very small amount of capital invested. Thus, they tend to witness high capital productivity, which is an economically strong investment. Thus, it has been argued that promoting the SME sector in developing countries will create more employment opportunities, lead to a more equitable distribution of income, and will ensure increased productivity with better technology (Steel Webster, 1990).2.5 SME ApproachesThere are several approaches or theories to entrepreneurship and small and medium enterprises. For the purpose of this study, the research team will dwell on three major theories. These include venture opportunity, Agency guess and Theory of Equity Funds2.5.1 The risk OpportunityThe venture opportunity school of thought focuses on the opportunity aspect of venture development. The search for idea sources, the development of concepts and the implementation of venture opportunities are the important interest areas for this school. Creativity and market cognizance are viewed as essential. Additionally, according to this school of thought, developing the right idea at the right time for the right market niche is the key to entrepreneurial success. Major proponents include N Krueger 1993, Long W. McMullan 1984. Another development from this school of thought is what is described by McMullan (1984) as corridor principle. This principle outlines that, giving front attention to new pathways or opportunities as they arise and implementing the essential steps for action are key factors in business development.The maxim that preparation meeting opportunity, equals luck underlines this corridor principle. Proponents of this school of thought believe that right(a) preparation in the interdisciplinary business segments will enhance the ability to recognise good venture opportunities. Comparing the study with the above theory, the question that arises is What are the factors or opportunities that have led to the proliferation of small and medium scale enterprises in Medina Township? Is it due to a particular market niche, creativity or market awareness? If so, then what socio-economic impact do they have on the people of Medina Township?2.5.2 Agency TheoryAgency theory deals with the people who own a business enterprise and all others who have interests in it, for example managers, banks, mentionors, family members, and employees. The agency theory postulates that the day to day running of a business enterprise is carried out by managers as agents who have been engaged by the owners of the business as principals who are also know as shareholders. The theory is on the notion of the principle of two-sided legal proceeding which holds that any financial transactions involves two parties, both acting in their own best interests, but with different expectations. Major proponents of this theory includ e Eisenhardt 1989, Emery et al.1991 and JH Davis 1997. These Proponents of agency theory assume that agents will always have a personal interest which conflicts the interest of the principal. This is usually referred to as the Agency problem.2.5.3 Theory of Equity FundsEquity is also cognize as owners equity, capital, or net worth. Costand et al (1990) suggests that larger firms will use greater levels of debt financing than small firms. This implies that larger firms will rely relatively less on equity financing than do smaller firms. According to the pecking order framework, the small enterprises have two problems when it comes to equity funding McMahon et al. (1993, pp153) 1) Small enterprises usually do not have the option of issuing additional equity to the public.2) Owner-managers are strongly averse to any dilution of their ownership interest and control. This way they are unlike the managers of large concerns who usually have only a limited degree of control and limited, i f any, ownership interest, and are therefore prepared to recognize a broader figure of funding options. Modern financial management is not the ultimate answer to every whim and caprice. However, it could be argued that there is some food for thought for SMEs concerning every concept. For example Access to Capital is really eye-opener for SMEs in Ghana to carve their way into sustaining their growth.2.6 Policies for Promoting SMEs in GhanaSmall-scale enterprise promotion in Ghana was not impressive in the 1960s. Dr. Nkrumah (President of the First Republic) in his modernization efforts emphasized state participation but did not encourage the domestic indigenous sector. The local entrepreneurship was seen as a potential political threat. To exacerbate the situation, the deterioration in the Balance of Payments in the 1980s and the overvaluation of the exchange rate led to subject capacity utilization in the import dependent large-scale sector. Rising inflation and falling real wage s also forced many formal sector employees into secondary self-employment in an attempt to actualise a decent income. As the economy declined, large-scale manufacturing employment stagnated (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000).According to Steel and Webster (1991), small scale and self-employment grew by 2.9% per annum (ten times as many jobs as large scale employment) but their activities accounted for only a third of the value added. It was in the light of the above that the government of Ghana started promoting small-scale enterprises. They were viewed as the chemical mechanism through which a transition from state-led economy to a private oriented developmental strategy could be achieved. Thus the SME sectors role was re-defined to include the following (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000) (i) Assisting the state in reducing its involvement in direct production (ii) Absorbing labour from the state sector, given the relatively labour intensive nature of small scale enterprises, and (iii) Devel oping indigenous entrepreneurial and managerial skills needed for sustained industrialization.2.6.1 presidential term and Institutional Support to SMEsTo enable the sector perform its role effectively, the following technical, institutional and financial supports were put in place by government.(i) GovernmentGovernment, in an attempt to strengthen the response of the private sector to economic reforms undertook a number of measures in 1992. Prominent among them is the setting up of the Private Sector informative Group and the abolition of the Manufacturing Industries Act, 1971 (Act 356) that repealed a number of price control laws, and The Investment Code of 1985 (PNDC Law 116), which seeks to promote joint ventures between foreign and local investors. In addition to the above, a Legislative Instrument on Immigrant Quota, which grants automatic immigrant quota for investors, has been enacted. Besides, certain Technology Transfer Regulations have been introduced. Government also pr ovided equipment leasing, an alternative and flexible source of long term financing of plant and equipment for enterprises that cannot afford their own. A Mutual Credit Guarantee purpose was also set up for entrepreneurs who have inadequate or no collateral and has limited access to bank assent.To complement these efforts, a Rural Finance Project aimed at providing long-term credit to small-scale farmers and artisans was set up. In 1997, government proposed the establishment of an Export Development and Investment Fund (EDIF), operational under the Exim Guarantee Company Scheme of the Bank of Ghana. This was in aid of industrial and export services within the first quarter of 1998. To further improve the industrial sector, according to the 1998 Budget Statement, specific attention was to be given to the following industries for support in accessing the EDIF for rehabilitation and retooling Textiles/Garments Wood and Wood Processing aliment and Food Processing and Packaging. It wa s also highlighted that government would support industries with export potential to overcome any supply-based difficulty by accessing EDIF and rationalize the tariff regime in a bid to improve their export competitiveness.In addition, a special monitoring mechanism has been developed at the Ministry of Trade and Industries. In a bid to improve trade and investment, particularly in the industrial sector, trade and investment facilitating measures were put in place. Visas for all categories of investors and tourists were issued on arrival at the ports of entry while the Customs Excise and Preventive Service at the ports were made proactive, operating 7-days a week. The government continued supporting programmes aimed at skills reproduction, registration and placement of job seekers, training and re-training of redeployees. This resulted in a 5% rise in enrolment in the various training institutes such as The National Vocational and Training Institute (NVTI), Opportunity Industrializ ation Centres (OIC), etc. As at the end of 1997, 65,830 out of 72,000 redeployees who were re-trained under master craftsmen have been provided with tools and have become self-employed.(ii) InstitutionsThe idea of SME promotion has been in existence since 1970 though very little was done at the time. Key institutions were set up to encourage SMEs and prominent among them was The Office of Business Promotion, now the present Ghana Enterprise Development Commission (GEDC). It aims at assisting Ghanaian businessmen to enter into fields where foreigners mainly operated but which became available to Ghanaians after the Alliance entry Order in 1970. GEDC also had packages for strengthening small-scale industry in general, both technically and financially. The Economic Recovery Programme instituted in 1983 has broadened the institutional support for SMEs. The National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) has been realized within the then Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology now (Ministry of Science and Technology) to address the needs of small businesses.The NBSSI open an Entrepreneurial Development Programme, mean to train and assist persons with entrepreneurial abilities into self-employment. In 1987, the industrial sector also witnessed the coming into operation of the Ghana Appropriate Technology Industrial Service (GRATIS). It was to supervise the operations of negociate Technology Transfer Units (ITTUs) in the country. GRATIS aims at upgrading small scale industrial concerns by transferring appropriate technology to small scale and informal industries at the grass root level. ITTUs in the regions are intended to develop the engineering abilities of small scale manufacturing and service industries engaged in vehicle repairs and other colligate trades. They are also to address the needs of non-engineering industries. So far, 6 ITTUs have been set up in Cape Coast, Ho, Kumasi, Sunyani, Ta anthropoid and Tema.(iii) Financial AssistanceAccess to c redit has been one of the main bottlenecks to SME development. Most SMEs lack the necessary collateral to obtain bank loans. To address this issue, the Central Bank of Ghana has established a credit guarantee scheme to underwrite loans made by Commercial Banks to small-scale enterprises. Unfortunately, the scheme did not work out as expected. It was against this background that the Bank of Ghana obtained a US$ 28 million credit from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank for the establishment of a Fund for Small and Medium Enterprises Development (FUSMED). Under the Programme of Action to Mitigate the Social Cost of Adjustment (PAMSCAD), a revolving fund of US$ 2 million was set aside to assist SMEs. This aspect is too scanty in the midst of the abundant information, especially with reference to Ghana.2.7 Gender and Small Business PerformanceUntil more belatedly gender differences in small business performance remained largely unaddressed by social scient ists (Greene, Hart, Gatewood, Brush, Carter, 2003). The volume of studies either disregarded gender as a variable of interest or excluded pistillate subjects from their soma (Du Rietz Henrekson, 2000). However, it is generally accepted that male and female person owner-managers behave differently and that these behavioral differences influence their performance (Brush, 1992), but these differences have been recognized but not fully explained (Brush Hisrich 2000). A comparison of performance of male and female owner-managers in Java, Indonesia showed that female-owned businesses tend to be less oriented towards growth compared to male-owned businesses (Singh, Reynolds, Muhammad, 2001).Boden Nucci (2000) investigated start-ups in the retail and service industries and effect that the mean survival rate for male owned businesses was four to six percent higher than for female owned businesses. Loscocco, Robinson, Hall Allen (1991) in their study of small businesses in the New E ngland region of the USA found that both sales volume and income levels were lower for female- than for male-owned businesses. In a longitudinal study of 298 small firms in the United Kingdom (UK), of which 67 were female owned, Johnson Storey (1994) observed that whilst female owner-managers had more stable enterprises than their male counterparts, on average the sales turnover for female owners were lower than for male owners.Brush (1992) suggests that women perform less on quantitative financial measures such as jobs created, sales turnover and profitability because they pursue inbred goals such as independence, and the flexibility to combine family and work commitments rather than financial gain. In contrast to the above findings, Du Rietz and Henrekson (2000) reported that female-owned businesses were just as successful as their male counterparts when size and sector are controlled. In his study of small and medium firms in Australia, Watson (2002), after controlling for the effect of industry sector, age of the business, and the number of days of operation, also reported no significant differences in performance between the male- controlled and female-controlled firms.