Remix Culture and Postmodernism | Essay

Remix Culture and Post upstartism EssayThe identity of our troupe fluxes continually with time change- as was noted by Greek-free-thinker, Heraclitus- when he expressed the impossibility of unrivaled to jump into a particular river more than once. This demonstrate of view about the dynamic nature of cabaret continued for gigantic when philosophers became quite an convinced that the onward drive of society hinged on durable laws. Recently, the evolutionally nature of society is considered to be forward and that it relents more or slight on awayiche, parody, or self-conscious appropriations through arts, philosophy and other humankind-related-creativity that argon intercommunicate civil, modern, and modernized society into the post-modern era, arguably. This report card testament discuss Post-Modernism and how remix finishing has moved(p) or influenced it. Chances offered by discussed remix strategies to cultural and political critiques of post-modernism will in any c ase be considered.However, to appreciate the influence of remix- ending on post-modernism, it is appropriate to discussion the evolutionally lead of post-modernism. Hence, the paper will address the topic using the approach.Evolution of Post-modernismBy the end of the 1970s, the askion began to be considered among French thinkers about the soar of society, and whether it was set at all. There was the denier of the transport that humans were still in the modern period which had been introduced by Enlightenment, two centuries back (Lash, Samuel and Friedman James. 1992). To this school of thought, modernization introduced a period of scientific thinking and capitalistic industrialization as well up as the analogouslihood of nuclear battles, slavery and neo-colonialism, horror, racism, Euro-centralization, and immense hunger in third world countries. The legacies of Enlightenment were not particularly friendly, then, the thinkers concluded (Anderson, Paul. 1998). It was disclose to consider the theories by which modernism stood as been harmful and terrible. Certainly, humankind had move only ahead of modernism into a post-modern age.Post-ModernismPost-modernism has been defined as a propensity in present-day culture typified by rebuff of purposive truth and worldwide traditional meta-narrative or accountability (Jameson, Fredrick. 1991). However, this definition cannot be relied on completely because it falls to identify completely with the wide bandstands of post-modernism which allow in response to the implicitly scientific nature, objectivity, and attempt to elucidate reality. The definition has excessively not complied with the fact thatPostmodernism is used in critical theory to continue to a point of departure for whole kit and boodle of literature, drama, architecture, cinema, journalism, and design, as well as in marketing and business and in the interpretation of law, culture, and religion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries (Georg, I ggers. 1997).There is a complexness in finding a very reliable definition that satisfies completely the topic of post modernism, in that respectfore, due to its much diversified nature as the majority of definitions on the topic are terribly vague and habitually incoherent to others. There is a further complexity in profoundly differentiation between modernism and post modernism since the both could be linked with intellectual movements and aesthetics which are common in literary arts and philosophy.modernity and post-modernity have tended to be used to refer to changes in social and economic institutions (Giddens, Amber. 1990).The context of knowledge of post-modernism, and how it is affected by remix-cultures, will be limited in this paper to two distinct examples arts and philosophy. This is imperative to limit the discussion to the question as well as to avoid perplexity.ArtIn consideration of post-modern art, it is proper to state that this is a little more than sculptural a nd paint art. Post-modern art also involves architectural, musical, dramatic, and literary arts with a major undefined core and depth. It is characterized by subject and form diversity. Thus, art critics have based their critic of post-modern art on the characteristic of its vagueness. For example, Callinicos argued multidimensional and slippery space of post-modernism where anything goes with anything, like a pole without rules. Floating images maintain no relationship with anything at all, and meaning becomes detachable like the keys on a key ring. Dissociated and decontextualized, they slide past one another failing to link up into a coherent sequence. Their fluctuate but not reciprocal interactions are unable to fix meaning (Callinicos, Awender. 1989).The ready acceptance to this critic is based on the non-specified emergent fashion of architectural snips around us in the past a few(prenominal) decades. Building architects seem to be entirely dependent on remix of the pas t works. Most of the most adored cities around us are in truth product of rejuvenation by certain architects in a quest to gratify their proficient fantasies. A very interesting illustration of this is the capital of the United Kingdom Docklands. Even in developing countries like Nigeria, in Africa, art has deceased old school and fashion, music and architecture has followed suite. Another critic says victimisation operatic arias to promote football matches, classical music to persuade us to fly a particular airline, watching Pavarotti in the Park thither is no longer a distinction between high and favorite culture anything goes with anything, like a game without rules (Layder, Dye. 1994).The medias increase and power, culturally, through films, tv set or advertisements has contributed immensely to the perception people have on society. Kumar is of the point of view that post-modernists consider the media slightly differently from the customary idea of a mere communication means . The present-day media, for them, is not quite a communicatory device it is an entirely fresh surround for the present-day human- the kind of environment were one is entirely engrossed to social epistemology. People can interact with computers for hours in total contempt of the company. Kumar concludesThe media have created a new electronic reality, suffused with images and symbols, which has obliterated any sense of an objective reality behind the symbols In hyperreality it is no longer possible to distinguish the imaginary from the real (Kumar, Kanger. 1997).This viewpoint was first recognized by Baudrillard Jean who initiated the theory of reality as been an interchange of signs and ops in semantic acts through digital technology and electronic media for the consumption of the viewer. The theory contended that in a situation as stated, there is a climb-down of the subjects from the results of occurrences (including artistic, philosophical or personal) much(prenominal) that e vents loss placeable perspective. He held to the claim that a steady flow of forms and orientation that do not posses a direct effect a viewer would sure as shooting create a gap between an object, indiscernibly, and appearance, and would result, paradoxically, to holography of appearance.The lost of identity of works of art in our time results into parody in the sense that they engage cynical approaches by imitating previous works of arts of earlier familys. To whatever extent, this works are not meant to mock previous art works. However, they embedment in a description of pastiche, parody, or self-conscious is totally identified by the lost of originality in such works.Recently, the imitation of previous art pieces seems to by primarily accepted by national laws through the limitation of replicate rights. For example, it is believedFilm is a popular industry where a parody may be created. Iconic films that contain a parody of an original work include the Scary Movie series, which are spoofs of many top corner office horror films and Spaceballs, which spoofs the George Lucas film Star Wars.Similarly, the tendency for parody in music is overwhelming. Already, there is an existing market for parody music and it is outgrowth rapidly.PhilosophyDuring the latter part of the 1960s, the US and Western Europe were caught up in political dilemma. Tendencies for significant political transformation in the year 1968 were obvious in the Western world consequent of movement such as the Chicano which sort for true liberation for minors. In France, the fight was debatably rather severe. This resulted to weakening of the large sway which had previously been exercised by the gargantuan communistic Party (where a majority of scholars owned reasonable commitment). This disenchantment resulted to their detachment from political affairs and consequent disbelief in political theories like Marxism. Even though they had many discrepancies, they accepted the fact of a illo gical and plural nature identifiable with reality. They disagreed with human thoughts on the possibility to commit significant objective explanations of reality. Ideologies or social theories that supported humankind activities as ways to express the order or progress of society were considered to be vain and without credibility, post-modernist argued. All that was done in time past is right in the control of the informed against the non-informed.Implications of Remix Culture on Post-ModernismThe implication of remix culture on post-modernism is the lost of values and personal identity. In schools, originality is fast big(a) way to pastiche. Students are reluctant to learn or interact with society in traditional formats, except through digital machines- which they are intemperately reliant on. Obvious, there is a dilemma hereConclusionThis paper takes a look at the evolutionally nature of society considered to be progressive and which relents on pastiche, parody, or self-consciou s appropriations through arts, architecture, and other humankind-related-creativity which are projecting civil, modern, and modernized society into the post modern era. It has also discussed Post-Modernism and how remix culture has affected or influenced it.

The Impact Of Organic Growth In Enterprise Marketing Essay

The daze Of Organic Growth In Enterprise Marketing Essay using of enterprises hand over a megabucks of ship direction to achieve. The basic two ways are internal ingathering and immaterial harvest. Internal issue is recognise as complete, generic, internal base, or raze core fruit. With constitutive(a) wrenchth, the enterpriser brings tonic resources together in an innovative combination to create impertinently value. (Nieman and Pretorius 2007, p. 110). So it means the smart set growing by a raw(a) way equivalent growing of gross, trade share, point of intersections, service and to a greater extent the come with own resources, without erudition, merger or cooperation with an other(a) attach to. (Garbade 2009, p. 3). And internal harvesting is winning of widely drug abused system in argument. The internal expansion and egression strategies underside absent one or more(prenominal) of the fol griming forms (Nieman, 2003).The beneath is the definitio n from a book named .The external offshoot strategies wholly assume outside the micro and market condescension environment of existing argumentation. external growth strategies mustiness(prenominal) send the firm in relation to its position in the industry value chain. (Nieman and Pretorius 2007, p. 111).In my understanding the external growth refers to use outside resources to achieve the givement of occupancy. In the simply way the external growth outline is the company by acquiring, merging or cooperating with another company. (Schwenker and Spremann 2008, p. 226). So i will talk virtually wherefore the organisational favourite(a) use organic growth in their business in the next article.In fact organic growth is a prerequisite and a smart long-term strategy for any business. Because when the company just set up, the company do not even retain the power to merger or acquisition any other companies. They must use themselves resources and energy to ensure the busine ss growth. The reason why the business should take organic growth during their development, because organic growth relatively other growth strategy, it has low risk to business. In other words the market is instability, but develop self resources it could not be wrong. Repeat my preferably write, the organic growth is through growth of the company own resources. I will going to detail about how to growth those own resources. (Hess 2007, p. 1). through change magnitude market shareIf expand the market share is roughly homogeneous increase the turnover, volume, income or profit, but find some varied more like expand the brand and to gaining and maintaining customer and consumer confidence, because you must allow more people exist you, at the same time the gross revenue volume is increase. In addition, it need to expand the carrefours spue, let your products suit for more people rather than limit in a breach of people. (Nieman and Pretorius 2007, p. 110). involution into sassy marketsIt is a number of ways to expand the market. Like through expand geographic areas, industries, target markets, branding of a product or even exporting. At the same times in a super competitive sector the requirement is to broaden the appeal. Can through the products, legal injury or service. (Nieman and Pretorius 2007, p. 111). And i think it a kind like increasing market share, but they are have a little while antithetical.Case study I Muji Life-style StoreMuji is a Nipponese company. At first, it just parcel out limited products, like soy sauce, coffee, wash drawing powder and toothbrushes, comprised 40 items only. They are totly use organic growth to develop their company. Just like the ways i talk about above. First they was build a image for their brand, that is Minimalism to market. Then they started to develop their products and outlets. Muji has following 32 eld since, its establishment made dramatic fall out by increasing its product line, which ori ginally consisted of only 40 items to more than 7,000. In other words, it means market share was increasing at that time, because they have a lot of types of products now, like stationery, health and beauty, food, clothing, kitchen/tableware, furniture and category appliances. Those freezes is include a lot of industries and it is a huge market, tin batch take care different groups of consumers. And they also open store overseas by themself. In 1991, they opened a first overseas store in London, then continuing open about 17 stores in British. Followed by those in France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Hong Kong, Tai Wan, South Korea, China and elsewhere, resulting in a total of around 51 stores in 13 countries. (Hiro 2007, p.p. 108-125).Muji overseas expansion 1991 2008 seminal fluid Table by Chew Hui Min (2010)This table states Muji status of expansion, as we can see stores opened increase e actually year. So it can stir Muji have success through by organic growth strategy.Developi ng new productsExpand new products is one of the critical reckon in the company. And creativity and transmutation is a basic element in process of new product development. Product development covers a range of activities from minor modifications of existing products to the development of entirely new product concepts. (Nieman and Pretorius 2007, p. 111). The product development is a way to increase market share and customer groups. It kind like attempt to ex draw or prolong the product life-cycle. (Thompson 2001, p. 491). To my point of view the developing new products are truly primal to business, during a company growth, you can not sale one stuff forever, you must create in the volatile markets and to get more customers. institutionInnovation is a change not a modification. It means a new product life-cycle, not only build a product, it spiel a company become different. In car industry, such as the Ford Escort or Ford Fiesta, any few years they have different new forms to appear, the changes for each new model were by all odds different rather than essentially cosmetic. And each new model was truly different from the existing model, simply the name was the same, so it called innovation.Similarly it is Copernican to consider about the how to extending product life-cycle. For example the Sony Walkman and similar personal cassette players have enjoyed their own successful life-cycle. At the same time they have broad the product life-cycle of cassette players in general. Innovation can be behind the invention of a new way of doing business.Maybe innovate can be risky in currently industry because it is a barrier against competition. The innovatory companies launch the new product ahead of their competitor to establish and consolidate a strong market position.Innovatory companies can stay ahead by introducing new products ahead by introducing new products ahead of their rivals and concentrating on production and market to establish and consolidate a strong market position. (Thompson 2001, p. 491). Constant innovation is likely to prove expensive and will require other products and strategies to be successful in order to provide the funding. (Thompson 2001, p. 492).Case study II Lego CompanyLego is a company to make plastic building bricks for children, was launched in 1949. And always proved popular in the industry renowned for changing tastes and preferences and for innovation. And the basic strategy they used is product development, and Lego create a lot of types on its basic product theme. By the mid-1990s some 300 different kits (at a wide range of prices) were available worldwide. There were 1,700 different split including bricks, shapes and miniature people. And children could use those to make almost anything from cars to large, complex, working space station with battery-operated space shoot fors. And the colours of bricks can be selected to appeal to both boys and girls. They even launched more complex Lego Techinc sets to attract young teenage market. At the same times, it is times of a changing tastes and by the growing popularity of computer games. Lego was choose a new range extension, a new kit oddly for girls in 1997. It was a dolls house series complete with miniature dolls and furniture. one and only(a) year later, Lego began to market construction kits with microchips and instructions on CD-ROMS. They introduced a new mind-storms range, to built around a brick powered by AA batteries, which could be embodied into a variety of different models and also could then be instructed to buy the farm with the aid of an infra-red transmitter. More recently, lego has ventured into the computer games market with CD-based products, the users can build train sets, vehicles,etc., on screen. Some years ago, Lego was build theme park, featuring rides and displays built with Lego bricks in Denmark, followed by in San Diego, USA. In the late 1990s the UK park was attracting 1.5 million visitors e actually year. (Thompson 2001, p.p. 483-484).Its hard to believe a company just sell bricks when they start, now is a huge toy kingdom, and they even enter the holidaymaker industry. Its just because they know how to use product development and innovation to grow their company. They create a variety of ways to expand their business. Therefore use product development and innovation strategy are good ways to develop company and growing company in all extols. by and by so many strategies, we should be talk about how the company know that those strategies is work in the business. We can through in several metrics, like financial, operational and behavioral. The company to understand which areas of their are not performing as efficiently as possible by those metrics, then they take deed to shore up those numbers. And financial metrics is through understand your companys profit, revenue and cost. (Hess 2007, p. 97). For example This is how Wal-Mart to measure.Sam Walton was a stickler for numbers, when he started Wal-Mart. He required managers to be in the field Monday through Thursday. Friday was retail merchandising review day, and Saturday break of the day was financial metric review day. In his autobiography, Walton wrote that he awakened very early every Saturday morning time to go over numbers on every store so that he could discuss them at the Saturday morning manager meeting. Financial metrics helped him to manage the company by identifying opportunities for improvement. (Hess 2007, p. 98).Of rush every company need to report financial results. In organic growth companies do much more than this. They measure every part of their value chain.The operational metrics include measure about gentle resources. A good company must engage their employees have blue tenure. Because if you have high employment turnover, it is hard to build a be- reform organizational culture. Because you need constant to training, communicate with them, to build allegiance. Oppo site, they already have the loyalty and it is an engaged employees take responsibility for and ownership of their jobs. It means the company must have high employee satisfaction, high employee loyalty and productivity, and employee turnover substantially down the stairs industry averages. For example Best Buy have more than 167 molar concentration employees and the employee turnover is 20 percent below the industry average. (Hess 2007, p. 117). So it not only prove a companys capability but also show how strong is the company.Actually organic growth is a slow strategy, and financed by asking shareholders to contribute more capital or by travel back profits into the business. The company must blackguard by step to achieve growth. (The quantify 100 championship Case Studies 2012). First of all you must have a detailed plans, like which way you motive to expand, then give a plan in that direction. For example you want through development product to achieve growth, so you must k now what kind of product you want to create. And set a goal for every quarter of year. Still need check yourself during the developing.Except growth by organic, the another to achieve growth is external growth. Compare with organic growth, the growth by internal is less risks than external. In fact, the organic growth have disadvantages, but the main disadvantage of such an approach is that it takes time and in the meantime rivals may be expanding and gaining competitive advantage. I have mentioned above the external growth is through acquiring, merging or cooperating with another company. It is a fast strategy but have a lot of risks, like growing too fast, losing existing customers and lack of control during expansion and numerous challenges in communication and cohesion. (Maughan 2012). In addition external growth is sample external finance or by merger and acquisition. These way tend to rely on bringing external finance into the business in order to fund expansion, and therefor e can lead to a deteriorating geartrain position. But organic growth can keep a strong gearing position. Because it is not building up external debts (requiring interest repayments) and it is better keep solvent growth. In addition ownership and control of the business is more likely to be retained by the existing shareholders. (The Times 100 Business Case Studies 2012). The another disadvantage of external growth is that where two companies come together, the cultures may be quite different and ambitious to match up. In organic growth side no crashes in culture, because organic growth do not through external business to achieve success therefore there are no pagan crash. (BASE Blog 2012). Moreover may be have some disagreements amongst managers who are used to working with different practices and systems. (The Times 100 Business Case Studies 2012).We talk a lot of about organic growth strategy, now we going to a basic question, why the company preferred to choose organic growth as their strategy. In my view, first, it is a necessary process of business, if company without organic growth unless the owner is a very very rich man, then you can merger or acquisition other. Otherwise you need develop by yourself ability.Second, external growth is a high risk strategy relatively to organic growth, so why a company prefer high risk rather than trim back risk?Last, as above said organic growth is very slow process strategy but it is a long-term strategy to growth companies. And when the company use this strategy to achieve success, it means this company have excellent capability in the industry.Generally in my idea if i start a business will choose the organic growth. Because it is a basic strategy to a business, though it is a low strategy but it very safe to business. And it can show and prove the capability of business. We you achieve success by organic growth strategy the company will be independent. May be when the company on later stage have capability to use external growth to more improve the development but i still respect organic growth. It is a long-term way to keep business growth, and we can use a combination of internal and external growth, but can not abandon organic growth.

Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) for Global Warming

Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) for global WarmingJosh Chaplin can the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) be used as an analogue for anthropogenically-induced world(prenominal) heating?The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a global climatic item in the early Paleogene period, spanning across the Paleocene and Eocene epoch overlap at 55.8 Ma (Gradstein et al 2004). Although the exact start and stop over points of the PETM are disputed, drilling in the North Sea and the Southern Oceans Weddell Sea has allowed an perfect duration of the phenomenon to be calculated to around 170,000 yrs. There is, though, untold dissension over these figures and the mechanisms that caused such a climatic anomaly, but particularities aside, this geologically fresh warming cycle whitethorn be of much use when it comes to brain our changing mode today.A proposed cause of the PETM caloric anomaly is the dislodge of 1,500 Gt of methane and carbon from decomposing gas-hydr ate reservoirs in the terrestrial biosphere, initiated as part of a era of events leading on from mass volcanism associated with the opening of the North Atlantic (Winguth 2011). The resulting initiation in temperature of around average 5.6C, and up to 9C is alike(p) to extrapolations which predict the temperature swop by the end of the current century (Rhl 2000). Sluijs (2007) explains how the climatological evidence for this comes from Oxygen isotope excursions in foraminifera and terrestrial carbonates, increased levels of magnesium and Calcium in foraminifera and the poleward migrations of tropical plankton, mammals and terrestrial plants. On the other(a) hand, the inception of the modern warming period was human-induced, and carbon was ejectd from traps much hurrying than it would have been during the PETM, and has thus accumulated in the atmosphere at a higher concentration in a shorter space of time. The PETM did not subdue a so-called tipping point whereby the set up of the warming would be irreversible, whereas the exteremely quick release of carbon over the course of the past three centuries may have catalysed such a scenario. As a result, it is a level-headed assumption that it may be possible to rely on the PETM as an analogue for modern anthropogenic climate change, due to the analogous effects and root cause, however it must be remembered that the speed of the onset may very well render these expectations void.There are a subject of close similarities among modern and past warming periods which vouch for the rigour of using their analyses as an analogue for what is misfortune at present, and what will be still to come. For example, anthropogenically-induced warming and the natural warming of the PETM both were the consequence of wasted carbon in the atmosphere. In addition, the scale of temperature rise during the PETM is consistent with predictions for the end of the current century, at around 6C (Rhl et al 2000). Applying the principle of uniformitarianism, the climatic reconstruction of the conditions throughout the PETM can be recyclable in aiding us to understand what is happening and the effects we can expect. As the globe warms up, consequences occur such as the thermal expansion of the oceans and the release of terrestrial carbon which also have knock-on corollaries as is seen today (Hayward 2011) this is shown in view 1. Further much, due to the geologically relative recent occurrence of the event, it is more reliable to construct climatological models and replicate what the dominance consequences of the warming may be. This is some other advantage in using what we know of the PETM as an analogue for what is happening to the planet at present.Modern Global Warming is, however, remarkably divergent from the rise in temperature associated with the PETM. Whilst the rise of the temperature today is comparable to the Late Paleocene at around 6C (Rhl et al 2000), the onset of this thermal spike oc curred naturally and at equilibrium climatic state. The industrial diversity and the resulting vast amounts of coal, oil and gas which have ended up in the atmosphere as CO2 since the early 1800s have bought about the temperature shift in a very small fraction of the time than it did during the Paleogene. Figure 2 puts this into perspective. The anthropological extraction of carbon reservoirs has depleted their stratigraphic storage much quicker than would be the case naturally through uplift and erosion. PETM Global warming, naturally (2012) states around 5109 tons of Carbon was released into the atmosphere each year during the PETM, whereas the figure for 2010 alone is 35109 tons. Such rapid accumulation of carbon in the atmosphere has never been reconstructed within the last 20 billion geezerhood, and current atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are higher than at each point within the last 800,000 years (Hayward 2011). With reference to Figure 1, the knock-on consequences of ea ch occurrence within a warming cycle are numerous, and the coinciding onset of several of these is largely uncharted territory. A tipping point could theoretically be reached whereby global temperatures spiral out of control because of this, and drawing from the transposition of snowball earth periods, such an extreme planetary climate could manage many millions of years to return to optimal conditions, if ever again. When considering the centuries that are unavoidable to transport all heat to the deep ocean and the millennia needed to recall excess carbon from the atmosphere, the consequences of climate change will still be materialising for generations and will likely last for longer than the 170,000 years it took the earth to exclude all excess CO2 from the atmosphere. By 2300 sea levels are evaluate to be up to 0.8m higher than 1980 levels, many more species will be extinct and the poles will have considerably smaller ice sheets if still in existence, and one can only assu me the repercussions will be more severe than the altered migration patterns and dinoflagellate calcite levels of the PETM.In conclusion, the PETM can be considered as an analogous representation of the warming of the globe. In the case of anthropogenic climate change however, the rate of carbon accumulation simply means that the potential consequences of the climatic shift are too unpredictable in years to come. Using the PETM as an analogous model for the current period of warming may suffice for the present, but future outcomes are uncertain as atmospheric carbon continues to accrue at an alarming rate.ReferencesGradstein et al (2004) A geological timescaleHayward, A. et al (2011) Are there Pre-Quaternary Analogues for a future glasshouse Warming? 933-941PETM Global Warming, Naturally (2012) Found at http//www.wunderground.com/climate/PETM.asp?MR=1Rhl, U. et al (2000) Geology Issue 28 New chronology for the late Paleocene thermal maximum and its environmental implications 9 27-930Sluijs et al (2007) The PalaeoceneEocene Thermal Maximum super nursery biotic and geochemical signatures, age models and mechanisms of global change 333-338Winguth, A. (2011) The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum Feedbacks between Climate Change and Biogeochemical Cycles 43-45

Invention Of Mass Media Media Essay

Invention Of Mass Media Media EssayIntroductionSince the invention of bundle media, big bucks media has ceaselessly view as a big puzzle step forward to the society and threat for certain separate of batch. This finish be suck up back to the 18th century, when the jump system somewhat media- smokestack media guess was created and prattles ab push through how strong media is in directly influence volume perception and action. Over the years, there ar lots of sens media theories that colloquy nearly(predicate) the condition of media and how media is workout to manipulate and influence plenty particularly the folk culture or so war cry ordinary mint.When gabble about mass media theory, a big point that shouldnt be misses out is the rise of media theory in the age of propaganda. Propagandists rely on mass media very much as media reachinged mass audience. It is the best way for propagandist to change people action according to their own belief and expectati on. unity of the successful propaganda that has been widely practice was Nazis propaganda during world war cardinal in 1933 to 1939. There argon also a nonher(prenominal)s famous mass media theory a same(p)(p) magic bullet theory, behaviorism, Freudianism and a lot more.Most of the clock time media oftentimes view as a negative influence especially for the selected group, and they claim that media should be run into. There argon also some theories that talk about the positive of mass media theory. For example, libertarianism theory says that people be reliable and rational. So media should obligate 100% freedom to report on boththing and people tail assembly able to judge and differentiate what is right and wrong by themselves.Although there are a lots of theory argue about the pros and cons of mass media. However, unrivalled thing that everyone washstandnot denial is that mass media are one of the important things in charitable history especially the digital date of reference like nowadays. The invention of mass media has brought human brio to the whole bran-new era and it has become an essential in human life. It assistants human to contented the process of communication between each other and also judicature nowadays to unfold intelligence operation and new policy to the people.According to Wang rig Kim (2001), the first media in Malaysia was the side language Goernment Gazette call as the Prince of Whales Island Gazette (PWIG) in 1st of March 1806 in Penang Island. The cobblers last publication was on 21st of July 1827 total duration of 21 years. The first TV station in Malaysia are RTM1 and RTM 2 and then meet by the first privatization TV station which is TV3 in 1984.As mass media act as an important agent between a boorish and its people or political sympathies with the people, there is no exception for Malaysia to use mass media as the change agent for political sympathies policies. The mainstream media in Malaysia has alw ays been perceived as an important agent of change for or so of the goerning bodys policies. The mainstream media let in TV stations, radio stations and also reports. As a development country, Malaysias 4th prime diplomatic minister Tun Dr.Mahathir Bin Mohammad have come out with the policy of vision 2020 which aim to further develop Malaysia into a fully develop country in the year 2020. In the year 2010, Malaysias underway prime minister Dato Sri Haji Mohammad Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak introduced the pattern of one Malaysia which mainly focus on unite multi races of Malaysian to view themselves as Malaysian without looking at skin, races and language. It is also focus on stinting of Malaysia and development of Malaysia to help Malaysia to achieve the coating of vision 2020.Since the introduction of 1 Malaysia plan, this concept has been widely incite by the government to the citizen using the mainstream media. As the government realizes that peoples reliability tow ards media is getting more nowadays, people receive most of their information through different type of media. So media is view as the most suitable way to promote the new 1 Malaysia concept. The messages that promote through mass media are not as simple as audience view. Those ideas and concepts have been carefully defined and structure originally reach the target audience. administration has used several type of mass media theory to promote the concept of 1 Malaysia. With the help of the theory, it encourages Malaysian to accept the concept of 1 Malaysia mentally and physically.Political thrift theoryPolitical miserliness theory is mainly focus on the study of how the selected control the economics of a country based on the link between politics and base to maintain the hegemonic culture.In this context, the selected will be the government of Malaysia. Political miserliness theory also says that to understand the media, ones essential look at the whole picture which includ es the ownership of media and the control group of media. In Malaysia, although most of the mainstream media are privatization but all the media are close related to the government and governmental party. For example, according to Wang coiffure Kim (2001), Fleet holding, a company that arm by UMNO which have 80% share of the discussion straits Times public press (NSTP) and majority share in Utusan Melayu Press sin year 1973. Both of these presses have majority readership and circulation in Malaysias composition.Fleet holding also have the share of 40% in Malaysia TV station, TV3. Besides, the other Malaysia main English paper, 58% of theStar newspaper is also own by Huaren holding Sdn.Bhd which link to MCA, one of the political party under the government.Cleary, we hindquarters see that there is a tight relationship between mainstream media with the political parties. With this point, it is not hard for the government to promote the idea of 1 Malaysia and throw acceptance by the people. The messages first come out by the elite or government through allocative control. Then the media under government in charge of the operational control which manipulate the word and idea before promote to the public to achieve the goal. It is not a surprise that thestar newspaper report atleast one article about the 1 Malaysia concepts per week. For example, 13 family line 2012 thestar report about another 1 Malaysia clinic centripetal. 15 September 2012 is about 175 1 Malaysia clinics by year end.16 September 2012, A actually 1 Malaysia day for both side of S.china sea. 19 September 2012, PM launches books of 1 Malaysia. 29 September 2012, Lots of goodies under 1 Malaysia schemes.As we know that, newspaper has always acted as a medium for people to receive information and people tend to bank newspaper as it is more accurate and professional. Government take control on the takings of media by reporting the positive news about the 1 Malaysia concepts stomach surely gain support from the citizen.HegemonyHegemony dialog about elite halt their status quo through coercion and consent. Besides, it also states that force cannot maintain the power of the elite. Persuasion, explanation and understanding make people act willing and mirthfully towards order. The best way for government to spread consent was using the mass media, especially the mainstream media that closely related to the government. Through hegemony and media, media act as a way to educate people how to behave and what to do in their life that consistent with the government goal.We can see how hegemony is use by government to promote the concept of 1 Malaysia in mainstream media like TV and newspaper in Malaysia. First of all, the slogan itself for 1 Malaysia concept Rakyat didahulukan, pencapaian diutamankan in English it means people first, performance now. This is obviously telling people that the government care about the citizen and the future of the country through the promotio n of mainstream media every day. In order to achieve the part of consent that stated in hegemony, one of the main focuses of 1 Malaysia concept is to help Malaysia to achieve the goal of vision 2020 which is a fully develop country.Since the introduce of 1 Malaysia concept, name Performance Indicator (KPI) is introduce by the current prime minister to improve the ensnareiveness of Malaysian government department for satisfaction of the citizen towards the work and try to shape the positive image of citizen towards the government. Under KPI, a utensil is provided to evaluate the effectiveness of government agency towards crime prevention, reducing government corruption, increased to quality education, improvement of public transportation, improve the living of rugged income citizen and rural are infrastructure. Since the election of 2008, electors have lost confident on the government which means Barisan Nasional. It is very important for government to fulfill the assume and sa tisfaction of the citizen which is the part of consent in hegemony. The result of KPI is keep highlight by the mainstream media. In long term effect, people will suck in to believe that the government did do some changes on the transparency of politic. These help the government to gain confident of the citizen. Besides, mainstream media often cover other news about 1 Malaysia. For example, thestar report an article about the new open 1 Malaysia clinic and grocery shop. This is also a long term effect of persuasion to told the citizen about 1 Malaysia concept are always for the welfare of the citizen, in the other hand, it also means that everyone should support the concept as it only bring take in to the public. Moreover, the song and slogan of 1 Malaysia are often playing in TV station and radio station. It acts to honor people about 1 Malaysia concept are always for the public. in effect(p) like the lyrics of 1 Malaysia song. Im 4 U.The use of coercion in hegemony which is le gality state to control over the content of media towards government report like the printing press and publication act, broadcasting act and official surreptitious act. Combine with the use of consent like ownership of media and control over the content of media. Surely the government can maintain their status quo and spread their ideology to the citizen without the consciousness of the people. People will also accept the concept willing without any force. bolshy TheoryMarxist theory talks about that hierarchical class system are the roots of companionable business. How base, superstructure and capitalism are closely related to each other. The main expound of Marxism said if the idea of production can be control, people can be control. The ideology of the elite are widely use to superior public thinking and to maintain the inequality of social class.In human history, social class problem have been discuss generation over generation. However, the inequalities between social cla sses are still appearing in todays world. For example, riots happened in Malaysia on 13 May 1969 was happen due to the imbalance of economy and social classes between races. It makes Malaysia government realize about the important of economy balance between races. Although the large economy gaps between races in Malaysia are solve through New Economic Policy (NEP), but the problem of social classes are still remain.The government member and royal family of Malaysia are defining as the elite group or aristocrat in Marxist theory. In order for the government to maintain their status quo, the elite own the capitalism with their base. However, for their ideology to spread and accept by people, media are use as a tool by government. According to Wang Lay Kim (2001), Malaysias second privatize TV station Metrovision, the four share toter company was closely related to UMNO. The companies are City television Sdn.Bhd, Melewar Corporation, Utusan Melayu and Medanmas Sdn. Bhd.This can explai n how government act as capitalism, own the base which are the media and message production and spread of 1 Malaysia concept which is government ideology to maintain their status quo. In literal, 1Malaysia concept is use to help Malaysian to improve their living condition and upgrade the overall citizen social classes to overtake poverty. But in the other hand, it is also an ideology to maintain their power. Government realize that to maintain their status quo while achieve peaceful among the middle class and proletariat or so call Malaysian, 1 Malaysia concept are one of the best way to achieve goal for mutual benefit of the country and the elite. By own the mainstream media and control of the message production, people can be control.ConclusionIn conclusion, with the support of political economy, hegemony theory and Marxist theory, I strongly agree that 1 Malaysia concept can be accept by Malaysian with the use of mainstream media. Most of the media theories agree that media have the long term effect on people but not direct effect. When people expose to something for a long term, they tend to believe it. Mainstream media keep reporting the positive news of 1 Malaysian time by time people will accept it without conscious about it. Besides, mainstream media in Malaysia are directly control by legislative fair play and indirectly own by the government. With the support of Marxist theory, which says control of the media production, people can be control. It strengthens my opinion towards Malaysian acceptance of 1 Malaysia concept.

Rehabilitation Psychology Case Study

refilling psychological science Case StudyRehabilitation PsychologyCase 2 bloody shame Lee was only 22 long time old and was involved in a serious car incident 1 year ago. She sustained quaternary fractures in her spine and has give out a quadriplegic (C5 level). She is now wheelchair bound and needs to live with her parents (both nearly 60 years old). She is fully myrmecophilous for all her ADL and is pondering what to do with the alight of her life. She has always been proud of her mature looks before and wanted to be a movie star. Now her boyfriend has left her and she is feeling very alone(p) and depressed.Leung Kar Ming, KevinWord Count 800 wordsMany victims of serious car accidents survived with stricken physical functions. Hong Kong re heap a high number of traffic accidents with more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 20,200 casualties per year1. Traffic accident (42.1%) is the most reported cause of spinal anaesthesia stackuroy injury (SCI)2. In our case, Mary Lee is one of the unfortunate victims sustaining multiple fractures in her spine. Incomplete (30.1%) and complete (20.4%) quadriplegia are the most frequent categories of persons with SCI2. little than 1% experienced complete neurologic recovery by hospital discharge2.There are seven factors affecting patients coping with SCI personal resources, health-related factors, affable physical background, cognitive appraisal, adaptive tasks, copping skills and health-related outcomes3.I. Personal resourcesThese include self-efficacy (SE), self-conceit, sense of coherence (SOC), spirituality, optimism, intellect and other personality characteristics3,4. These factors are associated with positive coping, and are determinants of appointment to long term outcomes4,5.Mary was a pretty girl and imagine of becoming a movie star. The traffic accident took away her health, good looks, relationship and became wheelchair bounded. It is essential to dish up Mary regain a high SE, self-esteem and SOC .II. Health-related factorsMore than 50% of SCI patients suffer from chronic troubleful sensation which significantly affects quality of life (QOL)3,4,8,9. Patients who experience more pain tend to catastrophize more and have a decreased mental health well up-being. Psychological factors helps hand to the relationship between pain intensity and depression8,9,10. Substance twist, especially abuse of drugs prescribed for spasticity and pain, may sacrifice to further health businesss8.In Marys case, it is very important that clinicians can provide effective pain control, and build a positive relationship with Mary to aid the speciality of the treatments.III. Social physical contextAfter the injury, Mary became fully dependent on her parents. Her parents, at their retirement age, have to learn to provide hold back and adapt to their daughters functional limitation. Her boyfriend has left her devising her very depressed. It is important that these social and physical contexts are sumressed.Social context is the relationship, support and expectations of the significant others. Physical context counsellinges on accessibility, mobility, autonomy, as well as the personal space and privacy of the patient3,4. Finding of positive pith in lives involves a continuous search for comfortable relationships between self, damage and society4,6,7,10. Encouraging engagement in social activities can work as a distraction technique to increase mood levels7,8. The burden of the primary care provider should not be neglected. Care-giving burden is associated with locus of control, social support, and modes of coping. Caregivers also add to the discredit of self by making the injured person only if dependent on them. Gaining independence from the caregiver is also a cardinal to restoring competency in persons with SCI. Interventions should be tailored towards the needs of the care recipients as well as the caregivers.IV. Cognitive appraisalCognitive appraisal is how an exclusive views a situation. Appraisals have a strong association with adjustment. It is important that focus on appraisal of the cause of injury is shifted to the appraisal of having an SCI. Such individuals were gear up to be well-adjusted psychologically.Visible disabilities affected Mary significantly. Assistance to help her regain her self-image, develop coping skills, making the best use of her be bodily function and adjustments of dealing with disability is important.V. Adaptive tasksMainly focuses on how the individual adapts to the new situation and how they prepare for an uncertain future. Individuals, like Mary, should be encouraged to be able to make decisions on choices of care, commitment to achieving individual goals and sustain independence. Such individuals with SCI are more likely to engage in positive coping strategies.VI. Coping skillsEngaging strategies includes self-control, social support, accepting responsibility, problem solving and positive appraisal , resulting in an internal locus of control. Total locus of control, sense of coherence, self-worth, hope, purpose in life and positive affect were systematically associated with greater QOL. Disengaging strategies, however, should be discouraged. These include denial, wish-fulfilling fantasy, self and other blame to SCI and join abuse.Mary needs to overcome invisible barrier to social contacts. She learns to handle with environmental factors by enhancing functions of her arms and hands and learning wheelchair skills.VII. Health-related outcomesThis is mainly the effect of the coping strategies. Also focus on the reduction of stress, emotion control, self-image, self-esteem and social relationship. The use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can improve the psychosocial outcomes in individuals with SCI.The society is in high demand for clinicians to help patients to recover and start their normal life activities. Interventions that promote coping and adjustment include 1. phy sically, support individuals on environmental adaptations, training on independent living skills and pain management 2. psychologically, with the use of CBT and peer counseling 3. socially, such as providing vocational rehabilitation, social engagement and family counseling.ReferencesCensus and Statistics Department (2013). Hong Kong monthly digest of statistics. Hong Kong Hong Kong special(prenominal) Administrative RegionNational Spinal pile Injury statistical Center (U.S.) (2009). Spinal cord injury The facts and fiqures. Birmingham, Ala National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC).Martz, E, Livheh, H. (Eds.). (2007). Coping with chronic illness and disability Theoretical, empirical, and clinical aspects. New York Springer. Chapter 6.Peter C, Mller R, Cieza A, Geyh S. (2012) Psychological resources in spinal cord injury a systematic literature review. Spinal Cord.50(3)188-201. Review.Kilic SA, Dorstyn DS, Guiver NG. (2013) Examining factors that contribute to the p rocess of resilience following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord..51(7)553-7. caravan Leeuwen CM, Post MW, Westers P, van der Woude LH, de Groot S, Sluis T, Slootman H, Lindeman E. (2012 ) Relationships between activities, participation, personal factors, mental health, and life bliss in persons with spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.93(1)82-9.Simpson G, Jones K. (2013) How important is resilience among family members supporting relatives with traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury? Clin Rehabil.27(4)367-77.cavalier Z, Kennedy P, Sherlock O.(2009) Spinal cord injury, coping and psychological adjustment a literature review. Spinal Cord.47(11)778-82. Review.Putzke JD, Richards JS, Hicken BL, DeVivo MJ. (2002) Predictors of life satisfaction a spinal cord injury cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 83(4)555-61.Mehta S, Orenczuk S, Hansen KT, Aubut JA, Hitzig SL, Legassic M, Teasell RW(2011) Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team. An evidence-based review o f the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosocial issues post-spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol.56(1)15-25. Review.

Aggression: Biological, Psychological and Cultural Explanations Essay

Aggression Biological, Psychological and Cultural ExplanationsMost flock will agree that encroachment can become dangerous and that it is a serious problem. The source of different acts of aggression is trying to be mum from medical, psychological and cultural perspectives. Some scientists try to treat the aberrant high-pressure behavior with medication, while others go deeper and try to find step up wherefore they pay back abnormal behavior. Some answers argon biological, like genes and hormones, other answers be psychological, like rejection as a cause of aggression, and still others are cultural, blaming aggression on violence in the media. Some men who are competitive are being treated by scientists who are using SPECT, single(a) Photon Emission Computerized Tomography, to identify regions of the brain that are causing the problems with aggression. (1) SPECT creates a colouring picture of the blood flow and activity in the brain and interpretation in color reveals a bnormalities and damaged regions. (1) Unusual increased or diminish activity that are key in causing aggression are often tack together in three areas of the brains. (1) Aggressive thoughts reside in the left temporal lobe the prior cingulate gyrus controls repeated thoughts and amount of assist given to something and the prefrontal p wholeium controls impulse. (1) Usually aggressive men father too much or too little activity in the left temporal lobe, too much activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus and too little activity in the prefrontal cortex so that they cannot control themselves. (1) By identifying which region or regions are abnormal scientists can prescribe the best drug treatment for that specific person. Drugs dish up balance the activity in their brains, but why are they im... ...s. (12) Rejection was found to be a direct cause of aggression. So, both the presence of weapons and the odor of being rejected aid in increased, abnormal aggressive behavior. We have b egun to look at different explanations of the whys and hows of aggression. Different biological, social and psychological reasons are presented and are equally supported and rejected. One thing that can be determined by acknowledging the different possible causes of aggression is that there is not one thing that causes aggression, because everyone acts differently to different problems. Not everyone who is rejected acts out aggressively, so maybe some of the people who do act aggressively have other problems that are biological in nature. Aggression is a bio-psycho-social issue that is being addressed, and needs to be addressed in the future, from all different perspectives.